Tarbiat Modares University International Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Prevention 2476-5279 11 2 2026 05 01 Pain Metaphors as Fundamental Factors to Mental Health. 1381 1382 28284 10.48311/ijmpp.2026.118493.82913 EN Neda Bon Central Tehran branch 0009-0009-8555-4048 Journal Article 2025 12 24 Based on the research conducted and the literature background, it can be concluded that conceptual metaphors of pain play a serious role in the mental health of patients. Conceptual metaphors of pain, in addition to arising from the human cognitive system and expressed through words, can also target human emotions and psychology due to their metaphorical nature. In other words, conceptual metaphors of pain, in addition to having cultural roots, are strongly influenced by psychological characteristics. For this reason, they change the quality of life of patients. Interdisciplinary studies in the field of pain, which address cognitive, cultural, psychological, and even verbal aspects, can pave the way for deeper and broader research into human pain. Qualitative and quantitative research in the field of conceptual metaphors of pain is among these studies that try to examine pain from different dimensions as much as possible, because in these interdisciplinary approaches, pain treatment is also possible from different dimensions

https://ijmpp.modares.ac.ir/article_28284_57ec01697e39d6f606e37cfc93234991.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University International Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Prevention 2476-5279 11 2 2026 05 01 Emerging Roles of Adipokines in Bone Homeostasis and Osteoimmunology: Narrative Review 1386 1397 28286 10.48311/ijmpp.2026.118608.82914 EN Masoumeh Mohammadi Sport Medicine and Knee Research Center, Milad Hospital, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-4849-2521 Alireza Jalali Knee and Sport Medicine Research and Education Center, Milad Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2026 01 25 Aims: This review aims to examine the role of adipokines as key mediators linking obesity, inflammation, bone metabolism, and immune regulation. It seeks to elucidate how dysregulated adipokine secretion from white adipose tissue and bone marrow adipose tissue influences bone remodeling and osteoimmune interactions, thereby contributing to obesity-related skeletal disorders. Method and Materials: A narrative review of current scientific literature was conducted, focusing on experimental, clinical, and translational studies that investigate the effects of adipokines on bone cells and immune pathways. Relevant publications were analyzed to synthesize existing knowledge on adipokine signaling, osteoblast and osteoclast regulation, bone marrow microenvironment dynamics, and the intersection between metabolic inflammation and osteoimmunology. Findings: The reviewed evidences indicated that adipokines act as critical regulators of bone homeostasis through endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine mechanisms. Key adipokines, including leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin, significantly influence osteoblast differentiation, osteoclastogenesis, and immune cell activity. In obesity, altered adipokine profiles promote a chronic inflammatory state that disrupts the balance between bone formation and resorption, leading to impaired skeletal integrity and increased fracture risk. Additionally, adipokines play an important role in osteoimmunology by mediating crosstalk between adipose tissue, immune cells, and skeletal cells within the bone microenvironment. Conclusion: Adipokines represent a crucial link between metabolic dysfunction, immune regulation, and bone health. Dysregulation of adipokine signaling in obesity contributes to chronic inflammation, altered osteoimmune interactions, and compromised bone remodeling. Improved understanding of these complex mechanisms may facilitate the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for preventing and managing obesity-related bone disorders and enhancing skeletal health.

https://ijmpp.modares.ac.ir/article_28286_2a201ed1dc9a6dd774652bd97b95509c.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University International Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Prevention 2476-5279 11 2 2026 05 01 A Comprehensive Observational Study On Primary Dysmenorrhea: Prevalence Symptomatology Impact on Performance and Paradigm of Self-Care Among ndergraduate Students at a Tertiary Care Medical School 1407 14016 28087 https://ijmpp.modares.ac.ir/article_28087.html EN Pranav Menon Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India. Sandra Vincent Department of Emergency Medicine, North Cumbria Integrated Care, NHS Foundation Trust, West Cumberland Hospital, Homewood Road, Whitehaven, Cumbria, CA28 8JG. Rhishika MS Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Paalana Institute of Medical Sciences, Palakkad, Kerala, India. Journal Article 2025 12 21 Aims: Primary Dysmenorrhoea (PD) is among the most common gynaecological disorders, impairing quality of life, academic performance, and productivity. Despite its burden, this problem remains underreported and inadequately managed in many populations. This study aims at scrutinizing the prevalence, determinants, management practices, and healthseeking behaviour of primary dysmenorrhoea, and to evaluate the utility of a novel multidimensional pain scale. Method and Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 428 women of reproductive age. Data were corrected through demographic variables, menstrual characteristics, family history, psychosocial stress, and management strategies. Pain severity was measured using both conventional tools and a new scaling system. Findings: The prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea was 71.26. Menstrual duration 5 days and passage of clots significantly increased the risk of PD (OR 3). Family history and psychosocial stress were strong predictors, with the latter being more pronounced in severe (grade 3) cases of PD. Self-care measures such as hot water bags, fenugreek, and exercise were widely adopted but provided only partial relief in the patient subset. NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), particularly mefenamic acid and dicyclomine, were the most common medications used by the study bracket, though side effects were noted. Only 15.4 of the participants sought formal medical care for the above dyscrasia. The novel pain scale offered a more comprehensive assessment, capturing both subjective experience and functional impairment. Conclusion: Primary Dysmenorrhoea is highly prevalent and multifactorial. The newly introduced pain scale may represent a first-of-its-kind approach, with potential to refine diagnosis, guide therapy, and advance future research.

https://ijmpp.modares.ac.ir/article_28087_c15a8669f594397efb3fa90138fffaae.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University International Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Prevention 2476-5279 11 2 2026 05 01 The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Health Anxiety, Perceived Stress, and Pain Self-Efficacy in Females with Irritable Bowel Syndrome 1398 1406 28287 10.48311/ijmpp.2026.118926.82916 EN Ayesheh Golshani M.A in Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Semnan Branch, Semnan, Iran Seyedeh Marziyeh Hashemi M.A in General Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch, Sari, Iran 0009-0002-9965-2414 Sonya Kouhi M.A in Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran Narges Asgari Toorzani M.A. in Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Welfare and Health Social Sciences, Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vahid Savabi Niri Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-9526-1742 Journal Article 2026 02 22 Aims: The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on health anxiety, perceived stress, and pain self-efficacy among women with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Method and Materials: This study utilized a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design with a control group and included 36 patients with IBS who were referred by gastroenterologists in Ardabil Province in 2025. Participants were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n 18) or the control group (n 18). The intervention group attended eight 90-minute Cognitive Behavioral Therapy sessions. Data were collected using the Short Health Anxiety Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS version 27. Findings: The results demonstrated that CBT significantly decreased illness likelihood (F60.92), illness severity (F58.61), body vigilance (F64.91), perceived stress (F72.86), and increased pain self-efficacy (F69.23) in females with IBS(P 0.001). Conclusion: The findings of the present study underscore the profound impact of CBT on psychological and functional outcomes in females with IBS. By significantly reducing health anxiety and perceived stress, and by enhancing pain self-efficacy, CBT addresses the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral mechanisms that perpetuate symptom severity and functional impairment in IBS.

https://ijmpp.modares.ac.ir/article_28287_4ea4cbd8d7fb64c1c6f6922c6d4b960f.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University International Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Prevention 2476-5279 11 2 2026 05 01 Combined Short Foot and Three-Dimensional PNF Ankle Exercises Improve Plantar Pressure, Ground Reaction Forces, and Postural Sway in Female Karate Athletes with Flexible Flatfoot 1417 1426 28696 10.48311/ijmpp.2026.118709.82915 EN Yasaman Ghadiri Department of Exercise Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sports Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Farzaneh Saki Department of Exercise Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sports Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Farzaneh Gandomi Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Journal Article 2026 01 30 Aims: Flexible flatfoot in athletes alters plantar pressure distribution, impairs postural control, and modifies ground reaction forces, elevating injury risk. This study compared SFE+3DAE versus SFE alone on these outcomes in female karate athletes with flexible flatfoot. Method and Materials: Randomized controlled trial of 34 female karate athletes aged 1725 years with flexible flatfoot, randomly assigned 1:1 to 8 weeks of Short Foot Exercises (SFE) alone or combined with three-Dimensional Ankle Exercises (3DAE). Plantar pressure distribution, postural control, and ground reaction forces were assessed pre- and postintervention using pressure platforms. Within-group changes were analyzed using paired ttests, while between-group differences were evaluated with ANCOVA, adjusting for baseline values. Findings: Both groups demonstrated improvements in plantar pressure distribution, postural control, and ground reaction forces; however, the SF-3DAE group showed significantly greater reductions in first peak force and force depth (η² = 0.151, p < 0.05) and enhanced postural control, including major and minor axis lengths, COP path, and AP/ML sway (η² range: 0.176–0.734, p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in symmetry indices between legs or forefoot-rearfoot distribution. Conclusion: Integrating SFE with 3DAE provides a comprehensive rehabilitation approach for female karate athletes with flexible flatfoot, enhancing foot function, postural stability, and load distribution during dynamic activities. These results support the additive benefits of combining intrinsic foot muscle strengthening with ankle PNF exercises in athletic populations.

https://ijmpp.modares.ac.ir/article_28696_ac3d7f8fd40bd1debfff97fc0667e95a.pdf