Tarbiat Modares UniversityInternational Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Prevention2476-527911320260701Pain :Anatomy and Practical Tips143414422828510.48311/ijmpp.2026.118428.82912ENMonirehMotaqiPhysiotherapy Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.AliGhanjalHealth Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20251221Aims: This article presents information on the anatomy of pain, the concept of pain, and related topics. Method and Materials: This article was conducted by reviewing scientific articles related to pain including the anatomy of pain, the concept of pain, types of pain, neural connections of pain, and other related topics. Findings: Pain is an unpleasant sensation that usually occurs following physical or mental damage and is a topic discussed across various sciences, including medicine and psychology. Pain has been classified and defined in various ways, including intensity, type, cause, transmission pathways, and other side effects.. Conclusion: This review study addresses pain and related topics, including the nature of pain, pain receptors, pain pathways, the modulating effects of these pathways on pain reduction, and types of pain.https://ijmpp.modares.ac.ir/article_28285_83aec74904592db3a4e6ca27193cb152.pdfTarbiat Modares UniversityInternational Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Prevention2476-527911320260701The Effect of Movement-Based Interventions on Balance and Gait in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials142714332881310.48311/ijmpp.2026.119765.82920ENFatemeSoltaniDepartment of Corrective Exercise & Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.0009-0002-0561-5138EbrahimEbrahimiDepartment of Sport Injuries and Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.0009-0004-2969-2896Seyed AlihosseinNourbakhshDepartment of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.0009-0009-6061-071XJournal Article20260406<br>Aims: This systematic review aimed to assess the effects of movement-based interventions on balance and walking ability in older adults. Method and Materials: This systematic review followed the PRISMA in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport Medicine and Sports Science guidelines and searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed original articles from each database's inception through April 2026, using targeted keywords. Google Scholar was also consulted to identify any additional relevant sources. Study quality was evaluated using the PEDro scale. Findings: From a total of 311 records, five randomized controlled trials — published between 2009 and 2025 — fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The interventions lasted between eight and sixteen weeks. Movement-based programs showed improvements in balance, reflected in better One-Leg Stance (OLS) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) scores, as well as enhanced gait performance, as indicated by Timed Up and Go (TUG) test results and the 6minute walk tes. Conclusion: The findings of this systematic review suggest that movement-based interventions may be instrumental in improving balance and gait in older adults. Upcoming research should focus on large-scale, well-structured randomized controlled trials that employ standardized protocols to improve the consistency and comparability of results.https://ijmpp.modares.ac.ir/article_28813_f1a64a0e360d5ddaf0a3b33c67e3c016.pdfTarbiat Modares UniversityInternational Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Prevention2476-527911320260701Reducing Pain Perception and Enhancing Self-Efficacy in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Through Mindfulness Training144314502892110.48311/ijmpp.2026.120395.82926ENFaridehZeinaliDepartment of Psychology, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0009-0008-4669-0584ShadiJazayeriDepartment of Psychology, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-3580-7616HaydehSaberiDepartment of Psychology, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-5377-3742SirousMomenzadehPain Fellowship, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-3516-0170Journal Article20260509Aims: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) involves chronic pain that significantly impairs psychological well-being and daily functioning. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of mindfulness training on reducing pain perception and enhancing self-efficacy in RA patients. Method and Materials: A quasi-experimental study utilizing a pre-test/post-test control group design was conducted in 2024. The population comprised RA patients who were referred to Shariati Hospital in Tehran. Eligible participants were assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in eight 90-minute mindfulness training sessions, whereas the control group received routine care. Data were collected using the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). The MPQ was utilized to assess four specific dimensions: sensory pain perception, affective pain perception, evaluative pain perception, and miscellaneous pain. The collected data were analyzed via Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Findings: The mindfulness intervention significantly decreased all measured dimensions of pain perception (sensory, affective, evaluative, and miscellaneous) in the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.001). Furthermore, the intervention led to a significant enhancement in the patients’ general self-efficacy scores (P<0.001). Conclusion: Mindfulness training serves as a highly effective complementary psychological intervention. By addressing cognitive responses to chronic illness, this structured program successfully mitigates multidimensional pain perception and fosters self-efficacy in patients with RAhttps://ijmpp.modares.ac.ir/article_28921_8cc980162f04a7e6993a24eba6316032.pdfTarbiat Modares UniversityInternational Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Prevention2476-527911320260701The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Pain Anxiety, Coping Strategies, and Somatization Disorder in Opioid-Dependent Patients with Chronic Pain145114602881610.48311/ijmpp.2026.119873.82923ENFarzinBagheri SheykhangafsheDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Humanity, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-3435-3870RoyaHeydarzadehM.A in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, IranNikiNorouziM.A in Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e Qods Branch, Tehran, IranSolmazLotfi AzarM.A in Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch, Ardabil, IranLeilaTankarM.A in General Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Semnan Branch, Semnan, IranJournal Article20260420Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in reducing pain-related anxiety, improving coping strategies, and alleviating somatization disorder in patients with chronic pain and a predisposition to opioid addiction. Method and Materials: This study utilized a quasi-experimental framework, incorporating a pre-test/post-test methodology with a control group. The participants were drawn from male individuals undergoing treatment for opioid dependence at addiction clinics in Tehran during 2025. Through convenience sampling, 36 individuals were recruited and subsequently randomized into two groups: an experimental group (n=18) and a control group (n=18). To gather data, the following instruments were administered: the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (McCracken et al., 1992), the Multidimensional Coping Inventory (Endler & Parker, 1990), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (Kroenke et al., 2022). Participants in the experimental group underwent eight 90-minute Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) sessions, as described by Knapp and Beck (2008), whereas the control group did not receive any intervention. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate covariance analysis via SPSS version 27. Findings: CBT significantly reduced pain-related anxiety, somatization disorder, and maladaptive coping styles (emotion-focused and avoidance strategies) while enhancing adaptive problem-focused coping strategies in patients with chronic pain and a predisposition to opioid addiction (P<0.001). Conclusion: CBT demonstrates significant efficacy in reducing psychological distress and promoting adaptive coping strategies, making it a valuable approach for managing chronic pain and addressing the psychological needs of patients with opioid addiction tendencies.https://ijmpp.modares.ac.ir/article_28816_fc5bbeb3f3a9051f9c7f3cf8b77434fb.pdfTarbiat Modares UniversityInternational Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Prevention2476-527911320260701Predicting Pain Intensity based on Pain Metaphorical Perception with the Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Women with Dysmenorrhea146114672881410.48311/ijmpp.2026.120342.82925ENHelmaDarbandiMaster of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University. Electronics Branch.0009-0004-8051-8842LeilaZoghiDepartment of Psychology, Amin University of Law Enforcement Sciences, Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-3806-0124Journal Article20260507Aims: The purpose of the present study was to predict pain intensity based on pain metaphorical perception with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in women with dysmenorrhea. Method and Materials: This cross sectional study was applied in terms of correlation using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study was all girls in Tehran in the last six months of 2024 who suffered from menstrual pain. According to the inclusion criteria, 250 women with menstrual pain were selected from Tehran through available and voluntary sampling. The participants completed the questionnaires on Pain Intensity, Pain Metaphorical Perception, and Cognitive-emotional Regulation. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26 and Amos version 24 software. Findings: Women's negative and positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediate the relationship between pain metaphorical perception and women's pain intensity, with the difference that positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, as a mediator, reduce the effect of pain metaphorical perception on women's pain intensity. However, negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies as mediators increase the impact of pain metaphorical perception on women's pain intensity (P=0.005). Conclusion: Results indicated that pain intensity is predictable based on pain metaphorical perception, with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in women with dysmenorrhea.https://ijmpp.modares.ac.ir/article_28814_f902f09c48aac5fdbdc389271d704daa.pdfTarbiat Modares UniversityInternational Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Prevention2476-527911320260701Prediction of Pain Catastrophizing Based on Pain Metaphorical Perception and Resilience in Cancer Patients146814752881510.48311/ijmpp.2026.119822.82922ENAmene SadatTahamiMaster of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad. University, Electronics Branch, Tehran, Iran.MohammadrezaRezaeiMental Health Expert, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.0009-0007-1110-1527SadeghHodjati Arjmand3- Master of Clinical Psychology, Psychology and Counselling Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Central Branch0009-0009-8795-4635Journal Article20260422Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between metaphorical perception of pain and resilience, with pain catastrophizing in cancer patients. Method and Materials: This cross sectional study involved cancer patients in stages 1 and 2 who reside in Tehran. A total of 200 participants were selected through convenience sampling in 2025. They completed three questionnaires: the Standard Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Pain Metaphorical Perception questionnaire, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-26. Findings: The results indicated a significant negative correlation between pain catastrophizing and pain metaphorical perception (r = -0.53, P = 0.01). Additionally, there was a significant negative relationship between resilience and pain catastrophizing (r=0.493, P=0.01). Furthermore, 8.4% of the variance in pain catastrophizing was explained by pain metaphorical perception, and 6.9% by resilience. Conclusion: The findings suggest that increased pain catastrophizing in cancer patients is negatively associated with their interpretation and coping mechanisms related to pain. Therefore, it is recommended that physicians and health psychologists consider these cognitive factors in their research on pain management for cancer patients. <br>1https://ijmpp.modares.ac.ir/article_28815_a89b9b817d1c710e6ef5000032e1c514.pdf