---

---

In order to study the role of Pythium species associated with cantaloupe root and crown rot, samples were collected from infected fields in different areas of Khorasan Razavi province during 2009-2010. The Root pieces were washed and cultured on CMA-PARP medium. The pythium isolates were then purified by hyphal tip method and identified based on van der Plaats-Niterink mycological key. The pathogenic species were identified as Pythium aphanidermatum, P. ultimum var. ultimum, and P. deliense. The pathogenicity of isolates on cantaloupe seedlings was tested under greenhouse conditions by using wheat grain inoculum. The results indicated that P. aphanidermatum was the most prevalent species and was recovered in all the regions. P. ultimum was isolated from Neyshabour, Fariman and Mashhad whereas P. deliense was detected in Khaaf. This to our knowledge, is the first report on occurrence and distribution of Pythium species causing root and stem rot on cantaloupes in Khorasan province.

---

Background: Cardiac Catheterization is a critical health status which requires standardized care policies, as well as it needs qualified and skilled health provider to obtain good outcome of management.This study aimed toassess the knowledge and practice of nurses regarding patient safety after cardiac catheterization.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Punjab Institute of cardiology located in Lahore, Pakistan from 01^st December 2016 to 31^st March, 2017. 171 female nurses through using convenient sampling technique were included in the study. Questionnaire with multiple choice was used to collect data. Likert scale for multiple choose questionnaires regarding knowledge and practice of the nurses were used Collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.
Results: Out of 171 participants, all (N = 171) were female, most nurses had job experience of 2-5 years and 6-10 years, they were represented by 34.5% and 31.0% respectively. Mean of total knowledge was found good, when compared to mean of practice which was poor. This showed that nurses have good knowledge about post cardiac catheterization complication. It was found significant value of P < 0.0001 by applying correlation, that showed there was a good association between knowledge and practice (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: There was positive association between the knowledge and practice about patient’s safety after Cardiac Catheterization among Pakistanis registered nurses. Nurses those have proper knowledge and practice could help in rehabilitation of patients.

---

Determining landslide size could be a difficult and expensive task. In this research, size parameters of 142 landslides recognized in Tajan River Basin, northern Iran, have been assessed. The dataset was prepared through the extensive field surveys and using the satellite imagery available via Google Earth. Dependence between landslides area (A-m²), volume (V-m³), and depth (D-m) was appointed by the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) at 0.05 and 0.01 levels. Then, the relation between the area and volume variables has been investigated using 10 curve estimation (CE) models. Coefficient of determination (R²), F statistic, and RMSE were calculated to compare the models with each other. Results showed that the power law fit the data better than other CE models. Although, the quadratic and cubic relationships have represented high R² and low RMSE, they have resulted negative estimated volumes, and also their F statistic is less than its value in power law. To achieve a better result, the estimated volumes were compared with the observed ones using paired test. Results indicated that the estimated volumes were in conformity with the observed ones and there was no statistically significant difference between them (R²=0.801, sig=0.633). Although, the estimated depths were significantly different from the observed ones. The mean depth was estimated 5.5 m which was close to mean of the actual depths (5.53 m).

---

With the outbreak of the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Islamic ideological discourse as the most important element in the discursive field of the discourse of modernism was able to articulate with other sub-discourses and according to its capabilities, credibility and populism was able to bring the transcendence of their discourse to the foreground in comparison with the dominant discourse and especially in relation to rival discourses. This new discourse with the creation of a new ideal space emerged as a discourse of hegemony and created a dominant political construction in this period in the history of Iran. What further led to the hegemony of this Islamic ideological discourse over rival discourses, along with Ayatollah Khomeini's charisma, was the adoption of a strategy right under the guise of a policy of solidarity between different groups in the sense that Laclau and Mouffe envisioned. It signifies the creation of an organic alliance between groups, parties, organizations, and the masses with the aim of turning social affairs into political ones. This study deals with a fundamental approach and using an analytic-descriptive method i.e discourse analysis, investigates the dominance of Islamic ideological discourse over the political construction of space in the first decade of the revolution. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between space, power and discourse in the Foucaultian sense and its effect on the political construction of space. The central signifier of this discourse is the Islamic ideology that emerged in opposition to and in the negation of the centrality of the previous discourse, Western modernism. Also, the space-place notion in which this discourse is manifested is the Islamic nation where the element of land is eliminated and extended to the realm of the world, instead.

---

Objectives: Today, the expansion of urbanization is associated with the disappearance of human activities in the space between buildings. The purpose of this research is to understand the dimensions of the connection between buildings and the city and how it is captured by the dispositive, and finally to find a way to emancipate in the form of an immanent connection.
 Method: The research is done by a qualitative method. The research paradigm is emancipation, the strategy is discourse analysis and the tactics are data collection, coding, analysis, display, explanation, and profanation.
Result : The findings indicate that the building and the city connection factors are related to each other through a hidden network in the form of three scales: the large scale includes semantic factors, the medium scale social factors, and the small scale include formal and functional-behavioral aspects. Therefore, social institutions on a medium scale, will be captured by the dispositive after constituting as they have a specific form and function, and will lose their relationship with the large scale and exist officially in the form of a formal institution, which ultimately leads increasing control and power, and further disintegration.
Conclusion: To achieve an immanent connection between the building and the city, the official institution should be disabled to reconnect the semantic scale for redefining the social institution. Also, it should be profane from whatever dispositive has been placed on the concept of institution. This is realized by the presence of non-institution in the space between the buildings

---

In western Canada, durum wheat cultivars (Triticum durum) have low to moderate lev-els of seed dormancy and are susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dormancy level of Canadian durum wheat cultivars and to identify tetraploid wheat accessions with elevated levels of seed dormancy. First, the level of seed dormancy and length of after-ripening of 17 North American durum wheat cultivars were evaluated. The plants were grown under field conditions in 1995 and 1996, harvested at maturity (Zadok’s Growth Stage 92, ZGS 92), dried at room temperature for one week, and assessed for level of seed dormancy over seven weeks of after-ripening at 20C. Seed dormancy was characterized by the extent of germination at 20C. The results indicated that five durum cultivars exhibited moderate levels of seed dormancy at maturity while the remaining cultivars were non-dormant. Likewise, a rapid loss of dormancy (within 2-3 weeks of after-ripening) was characteristic of all durum cultivars. In a second experiment, 78 accessions of T. turgidum, T. turanicum, T. carthlicum, T. polonicum, and T. durum from the USDA germplasm collection grown under field conditions in 1995 and 1996 were evaluated for seed dormancy with the idea of identifying potential sources of increased seed dormancy. At ZGS 92, eighteen accessions were classified as dormant. Accession 93-282 was the only highly dormant genotype in this study. The seven most dormant acces-sions, identified in two years of field tests, were tested for length of the dormancy period. Accession 93-282 was the only genotype that had a longer period of dormancy than the durum cultivar, Kyle. The intensity of seed dormancy was quantified at five germination temperatures. A dormancy index was calculated from germination data at 10 and 20°C. The dormancy indices of tetraploid accessions 93-62 and 93-177 were 37% higher than that of the durum cultivar Kyle.

---

The objective of this study was to test whether the stimuli of osmotic pressure (OP), VFA or pH in the omasum would affect the passage of digesta from the rumen and feed intake in sheep. Five experements were carried out. Different solutions with specific, OP, VFA concentration and pH were infused into the omasal body. Rumen digesta volumes and outflow rates (liquid and solid) were measured by pulse dosing of liquid and solid marker into the rumen. Feed intake, solid and liquid outflow rates from the reticulo-rumen were (not always significant) reduced by increasing the (OP) of the infusate in the range of 400 to 2000 mOsmol/kg which gave calculated omasal OP up to 480 mOsmol/kg (perfect mixing with digesta was assumed). Feed intake and fractional ruminal liquid out-flow rate were significantly increased by increasing VFA concentration of infusate in the range of 50 to 250 mMol/l or calculated omasal VFA concentrations up to 150 mOsmol/kg with the suggestion of a decrease above this range. pH in the range of 5.0 to 7.0 was with-out effect. Serum OP was not affected by any infusate. There was no or only a weak re-sponse to abomasal infusion compared with omasal infusion when the same infusate was used. The study demonstrated that omasum responds to changes in the composition of di-gesta. Increasing OP reduced DMI (dry matter intake) and reduced digesta outflow from the reticulo-rumen. Increasing VFA concentration increased DMI and liquid outflow, high VFA concentration decreased DMI and liquid outflow rate. It can be concluded that omasum has a role in the control of digesta outflow from the rumen.

---

Tensions between the Kurds and the Iraqi central government have continued throughout the country's contemporary history. The imposed geopolitics of the trans-regional powers in Iraq for more than half a century has led to violent ethnic resistance. To begin with, Iraq is an outcome of trans-regional geopolitical policy. Its leaders have always struggled to create an inclusive national identity and have used only violent means.
One of Iraq's problems for political stability and the creation of a coherent structure is the agreement with the Iraqi Kurdistan Federal Government on the disputed issues. Among these, one of the most contentious factors between the central government and the Kurds is the issues related to the disputed areas which its settlement is widely reflected in the Iraqi constitution and Security Council resolutions and a variety of solutions has been offered. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method to study and explain the territorial dispute between the Kurds and the central government of Iraq. The results of the research show that the settlement of territorial disputes is affected by geopolitical competition and the best solution to this crisis is to use a good governance model for the development and stability of those areas.

---

---

Political organization of space is an organized human space based on political considerations and it is one of the most important factors of territoriality in different scales for political roles, to control and effective management of land and in all countries of the world it is one of the pillars of development. The civil divisions of the country are one of the dimensions of the political organization of the space used by governments. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the method of data collection is matrix. The purpose of this study is the pathology of the political organization of space in Iran from the perspective of the structure- agent approach. The results show that the structural factor with components such as constitution, type of government, national security, laws of division of the country, development programs, security laws, emergency controls, strategic ideas, high oversight, the prevailing political discourse and the central development model have the greatest impacts. Among the components of the Agent, the components of president and members of parliament have a high weight in the political organization of space in Iran but other agent components are not effective and in general, the influence of the structure factor in political organization of space is greater than the agent in Iran.

---

---

Introduction
Diplomacy is interaction with societies for securing benefits, increasing influence and reducing vulnerability through the least cost and efforts to prevent hostilities and increase political and economic cooperation and exchange of knowledge, art and preparation of foreign relations. Management diplomacy is a non-violent method with the aim of achieving interests and values and improving the political and economic position of a country in the world. Through official and unofficial representatives, diplomacy helps the government collect, coordinate and secures the public interests of the country. After the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 and the emergence of nation-based government, the principles of diplomacy were established, though their history goes back to before Westphalia. Since the traditional diplomacy is only concerned with affairs between governments, the management of relations between countries, and the search for national interests, it is unable to respond to the current complexities of the world. Because after the Cold War, power has spread on a wider level [5], and the national sovereignty and the monopoly of the governments are weakening. At the beginning of the 21st century, NGOs and multinational companies played an increasing role in diplomacy. On this same basis, public diplomacy is the establishment and review of interaction between new players in the international arena beside the governments.
Cities and urban institutions are international actors that have created the new concept of urban diplomacy. Relying on the increasing attention to the economy and economic activities and aligning with the process of globalization and with proper use of diplomacy, cities are trying to protect their interests against the challenges of the global economy and the expansion of the security field in the appropriate and specific area of relations, i.e., the global network of cities, to increase opportunities in the fields of Foreign capital attraction, technology transfer, export of services and expansion of foreign trade. In this way, cities want to find a superior position in the field of global decision-making. Therefore, to reduce and monitor conflicts along with peace, interaction and sustainable income for local and global citizens, urban diplomacy is a set of urban policy tools and processes, institutions and economic, political, social and cultural arrangements of urban management in the form of local governments.
Urbanization is directly tied to modernization, industrialization and the wisdom-based sociological process. Today in the world, cities are more important than any issue, and as a political-social unit, they are growing in terms of power in the age of globalization. Cities are the driving force behind the development and economic growth of countries and more income, better health, and a better life; all indications of the reasons for urbanization's growth.
research method
The method of this research is mixed in that, according to the qualitative and quantitative data, the analysis tools and methods are inevitably qualitative and quantitative as well. The present article tried to use different tools, such as document and library fields, interviews and websites. The research is theoretical-applied and descriptive-analytical according to its nature and method. In accordance with the library data, four main components of the research were identified, and corresponding to them, indicators that can act as effective factors of sisterhood relationships in urban development were extracted.
Research findings
Based on the library sources and data and the background of the research conducted in the first step on the establishment of sisterhood relations between metropolises and urban development, twenty-six important indicators were identified. In the second step, these twenty-six indicators were placed into four main components, including: 1) political and sustainable security; 2) economic development; 3) development of human resources; and 4) socio-cultural development. The political component, sustainable security and human resources development have six indicators each, and the economic development and socio-cultural development components have seven indicators each.
conclusions
In establishing sisterhood relations, urban diplomacy and its impact on the urban development of Shiraz metropolis, the results obtained from two categories of library and field sources show some effective factors. According to the amount of research, a variety of indicators were identified in this field, which are placed and analyzed in four basic components: 1) political and sustainable security; 2) economic development; 3) human resources development; and 4) socio-cultural development. The findings showed that, compared to the past, sister city ties have had a great impact on the development of Shiraz metropolis.
Expansion of the globalization process of metropolises in bilateral and multilateral arenas and in the political, economic, social and cultural fields has a significant impact on strengthening the growing international interactions, realizing foreign policy goals and securing the interests of governmental and non-governmental actors in the international arena. The communication of cities in the process of multilateral interactions of economy and global politics and bilateral political and economic cooperation emphasizes the role of local officials as vital elements in order to strengthen friendly relations, resolve international conflicts, improve inter-nation and inter-city relations, and make appropriate use of diplomacy to increase opportunities in the fields of attracting foreign capital, transferring new technologies, exporting services, expanding foreign trade, strengthening the tourism industry, getting access to global markets, and protecting human interests against global problems and challenges. Shiraz metropolis also seeks to develop diplomacy with a number of cities in other countries through the conclusion of sisterhood agreements and various memoranda of understanding. Despite the opportunities and necessities that Shiraz has for the presence and promotion of productivity in the field of urban diplomacy, due to numerous obstacles, it does not have a suitable position in the field of urban diplomacy. Considering the obstacles of foreign relations and sanctions at the international level, paying attention to Shiraz's active role in the field of urban diplomacy is a double necessity. In this regard, goal-setting and macro-policy, as well as institution-building, planning and capacity-building with the aim of Shiraz cooperation in the field of urban diplomacy and playing an active role on international scientific, professional and specialized forums, are accessible due to its high capacity. The urban management complex, i.e., councils and municipalities and other service organizations, can benefit from seeking participation and maximum Participation by using the tools of active urban diplomacy in international urban organizations and, through each other's successful experiences, actively participating in global and local governance.

---

Applying Gideon's Theory of Norms in Qualitative Assessment of Translation of Feridoun Moshiri’s Poems in Arabic. Translation acts as one of the agents of thought change as a bridge for the transmission of thoughts from different languages to one another. Translation has long attracted the attention of translators, and its translation or non-translation has always been the subject of controversy among translation theorists. Poetry is in its most succinct form a language whose language is often not explicit but implicit and moving all of its semantic layers to the target language is very difficult. In translating poetry into Arabic, Iranian poets have moved on to other literary works. In this era, we are seeing more translators trying to translate contemporary Persian poetry. Many of these poems have been translated into Arabic by translators. This method deals with the translation process or the act of translation itself. His theory points to the literary formats that exist in any particular culture and one of its main achievements was that Attention to the relationship between the individual texts of origin and the destination focused on the relationships that exist between the destination texts themselves. the main result of the qualitative evaluation of Abdul Moneim's translation to Arabic Indicates that his work It has an acceptance in the destination culture but it is far from sufficient in the Farsi.
 

---

---

Five fungicides, with active ingredients azoxystrobin, imazalil, thiabendazole, azoxystrobin + difenoconazole and fludioxonil + difenoconazole, were tested against two isolates of Fusarium solani and two isolates of F. oxysporum, causing potato dry rot in Mashhad region. PDA media amended with the fungicides significantly inhibited the mycelia growth of all Fusarium isolates incubated at 25 °C for 7 days; however only Imazalil and Thiabendazole completely stopped the mycelia growth of all fungal isolates even at their lower concentration (40 and 5ppm respectively). The mean penetration of F. solani FPO-67 and F. oxysporum FPO-39, the more virulent of the four isolates, after 21 days of incubation at 25-27 °C indicated that imazalil and thiabendazole at concentrations of 1.5 and 2/1000, completely inhibited the penetration of F. oxysporum FPO-39 into potato tubers, but in the case of F. solani FPO-67 all treatments (1, 1.5 and 2/1000) significantly reduced the development of dry rot compared to untreated control. In natural condition, tuber treatment with Imazalil and Thiabendazole (2/1000), prior storage, reduced F. solani FPO-67 development by 68 and 71.69% respectively. According to the results, these fungicides could play a role in integrated pest management against tuber-borne fungal pathogens.
 
 

---

---

---

Double layer ZnO/SnO2 thin film resistive gas sensors were fabricated by successive PVD of those oxides onto porcelain substrates. The metallic contacts were provided by electron beam evaporation of platinum onto substrates prior to deposition of the gas sensitive layers. Deposits were thermally annealed at different temperatures. It was shown that the activation energy of electrical conduction in the double layer depends on the annealing temperature. Higher annealing temperatures result in larger activation energies. The sensitivity of the double layer devices to ethanol vapor was measured and compared to that of single layer SnO2 sensors fabricated at similar conditions. It was shown for the first time that the gas sensitivity of ZnO/SnO2 thin film gas sensors can be adjusted by controlling parameters of the thermal annealing process.

---