General users only can access the published articles
Showing 41 results for Subject:
Volume 2, Issue 2 (4-2016)
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 are classified into two biotypes, classical and El Tor based on susceptibility to bacteriophages and some biochemical properties, each encoding a biotype-specific genetic determinants. Before 1961, most epidemics had been caused by the classical biotype. However, with the passage of time, the classical biotype missed from the scenario and the El Tor emerged as the major biotype causing the cholera in humans. The present cholera global pandemic is attributed to a change among seventh pandemic strains and emergence of V. cholerae O139, V. cholerae O1 El Tor hybrid, and V. cholera O1 El Tor with altered cholera toxin subunit B. The V. cholerae biotypes are not only different in phenotype but also human infections caused by them are different clinically. Infection with classical V. cholerae O1 more frequently produces severe infection than does El Tor, suggesting that the genetic and phenotypic differences between the two biotypes may also be reflected in their pathogenic potential. Considering the recent emergence of “hybrid biotype” and “El Tor variant” in different areas and in our country, we reviewed differences in genetic structure of V. cholerae biotypes.
Volume 3, Issue 2 (5-2017)
Abstract
Background: Accessory colonization factor is located immediately adjacent to and downstream of TCP cluster. These genes (acfA, B, C, D) are involved in bacterial colonization and pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to analyze the ACF cluster prevalence rate and gene content in clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae.
Materials and Methods: All of the 21 V. cholerae isolates used in this study were collected during 2011-2012 outbreaks in Iran. All of the isolates were screened by biochemical tests and confirmed by specific PCR for 16srRNA-23srRNA intergenic space. The gene content of ACF cluster in the isolates was analyzed using 4 primer pairs with overlapping sequences and then subjected into Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assay.
Results: Among the 21 V. cholerae isolates, all of them (100%) were identified as V. cholerae O1 Inaba, 20 (95%) isolates were determined with El Tor biotype specificity, and 1 isolate (5%) appeared as Classical biotype. A total of 18 strains (85.8 %) contained a complete set of ACF-associated genes, 3 strains (14.2 %) were negative for ACF cluster, and all of the strains showed similar RFLP pattern to each other and to V. cholerae ATCC 14035.
Conclusion: The results showed that O1 Inaba was the dominant serotype and positive for ACF cluster in pathogenic V. cholerae isolates collected during 2011-2012 in Iran. The presence of some ACF negative strains with potentially pathogenic characteristics proposed that other colonization factors might have been involved in causing pathogenicity and diarrhea in these strains.
Volume 3, Issue 2 (5-2017)
Abstract
Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become the most common cause of infections in burn patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotyping and genotyping of P. aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients in Mottahari hospital during June-October 2016.
Materials and Methods: A total of 78 P. aeruginosa strains were collected from wound infected patients. Identification of the isolates was performed by biochemical tests and confirmed by specific 16srDNA PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by disk diffusion method according to the CLSI guidelines. The isolates were then evaluated for genotyping by ERIC-PCR.
Results: From a total of 78 collected isolates, 77 isolates (98.7%) were confirmed as P. aeruginosa by specific PCR. We found 4 antibiotypes. The highest resistance was observed to imipenem and gentamicin (~100%), and the most sensitivity was shown to colistin (100%). Overall, MDR phenotype was observed in most of the isolates (98.7%). The PCR of ERIC box produced 52 different patterns and 3 main clusters. Also, 59 (83%), 2 (3%), and 9 (13%) isolates were included in Cluster A, B, and C, respectively, and Cluster A was the predominant ERIC profile.
Conclusion: The high resistance to antibiotics in our study may be due to their abundant use as the prophylactic or treatment regimen in wound infections. So appropriate use of antibiotics seems necessary, and colistin is a proper choice for treatment of burn infection. In genotyping, 3 main clusters and 52 different patterns were shown. A majority of the P. aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients were related and belonged to Cluster A.
Volume 3, Issue 4 (12-2015)
Abstract
Aim: This study was performed to investigate the general mental health and aggression in female prisoners in Isfahan with the aim of determining whether the scores of aggression and general mental health differ according to selected demographic characteristics.
Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive correlational study was performed in the central prison of Isfahan. Regarding the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 170 female prisoners were selected and completed the study self-administered questionnaires including Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ (and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‑28) as well as demographic information. Data were analyzed by SPSS20.
Findings: Five questionnaires were excluded due to deficiencies. Finally, 165 valid completed questionnaires were prepared for the analysis. According to the traditional ranking and cut-off point of 22 for GHQ‑28 scores, prevalence of suspected psychological disorders among participants was 87.9%. ANOVA test results showed significant differences between the GHQ-28 scores of participants with different characteristics. Females under 20 years old (P≤.001), single females (p=.015), and those who had no children (p=.021) reported higher scores in general mental health (higher values in the scale indicate more psychological symptoms) Likewise, there were significant differences between the BPAQ scores of participants with different characteristics (P≤.001).
Conclusion: Younger and single female prisoners and those who had no children were suffering from lower mental health and more aggression. The present study emphasizes on the necessity of psychological assistance and support to improve mental health of these groups of female prisoners.
Volume 4, Issue 1 (Winter 2018)
Abstract
Aims: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen. The carbapenems are effective therapeutic choice for the treatment of Klebsiella pneumonia infections. Carbapenemases are a group of enzymes capable of hydrolyzing carbapenems. This study was to introduce phenotypic and genotypic methods to identify the carbapenemase-producing isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Materials & Methods: this study was to introduce phenotypic and genotypic methods to identify the carbapenemase-producing isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The Modified Hodge Test (MHT) was performed to determine the susceptibility of isolates to antibiotics. The final products of PCR were electrophoresed on agarose gel.
Findings: The highest rate of resistance were observed for piperacillin (84%) and the lowest for ertapenem (50%). The majority of MHT positive isolates was from urine (64.7%), while abdominal and cerebrospinal fluids (0%) were the lowest. In addition, the ICU wards with 47 (69.1%) and the emergency units with 4 (5.9%) samples, had the most and the least frequent cases, respectively. MHT was positive in 68 K. pneumoniae isolates, but none of them were positive for blaKPC gene.
Conclusion: The blaKPC gene has low prevalence in the Isfahan City, Iran.
Volume 4, Issue 4 (12-2016)
Abstract
Aim: Nowadays, sexual behaviours of the youths have turned into a controversial issue all over the world due to widespread sexually transmitted infections (STIs), human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and unwanted pregnancies. Regarding the increasing interactions of the youths with their friends and peers in Iranian society in the recent years, this research was conducted to explain the role of friends and peers to establish pre-marital sexual relationships among the youths.
Methods: This qualitative research was conducted on 30 single boys and girls aged 18-24 years, living in Isfahan, Iran, who had already started sexual activities and 17 other participants who were in a way involved in the experienced events by the youths. Data collection was done using semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using conventional content analysis.
Findings: After analyzing the interviews, two sub-categories emerged including "being influenced by friends and peers" and "exchanging sexual information and contents", which were entitled “The effects of youths, interactions with friends and peers” as the main category.
Conclusion: Considering the important role of friends and peers in shaping pre-marital sexual relationships among the youths, providing them with comprehensive educational programs about STIs, HIV/AIDS, and sexual health protection through peer-based educational approach is necessary.
Volume 4, Issue 4 (Fall 2018)
Abstract
Aims: The aim of this study was to identify antibiotic resistant patterns and the prevalence rate of carbapenem resistant genes (imp-1, vim-2, kpc) in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients in Shahid Motahari Hospital of Tehran.
Materials & Methods: In this study, 63 P. aeruginosa strains were collected from infected patients. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests and specific 16SrDNA PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by standard Kirby-Bauer method according to the CLSI guidelines. The prevalence of imp-1, vim-2, and kpc genes were assessed by PCR.
Findings: All of the isolates were confirmed as P. aeruginosa by phenotypic tests and specific 16SrDNA PCR. Totally, 14 antibiotypes were identified. The highest resistance was observed against to tobramycin, gentamicin, amoxi-clavulanic acid, and cefoxitin (100%) and the most sensitivity was shown against colistin (100%). All of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), 100 and 46% were positive for Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBL) and Metallo- β-Lactamases (MBLs) respectively. The imp-1 and kpc genes were not detected (0%), while vim-2 gene was present in all of the isolates.
Conclusion: In the current study, the high resistance rate to antibiotics might be due to their overuse for burn patients as a prophylactic or therapeutic agents. Colistin is considered a drug of choice for the treatment of wounds infected by P. aeruginosa in burn patients. In this study, the majority of P. aeruginosa isolates belonged to Antibiotype 1 and possess carbapenemase vim-2. Therefore, to stop this resistance transmission, the prevention and control are apparently essential.
Volume 5, Issue 3 (9-2017)
Abstract
Aim: People receive social support from family, peers, and other social systems. Within this wide spectrum, social networks that support people unofficially involve the group of family and peers. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived social support and mental health of students in Tehran.
Methods: This descriptive and analytical study was conducted on 227 students in Tehran using two questionnaires including the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) with 28 questions, and the social support inventory with two scales of Perceived Social Support from Family (PSSFA) and Perceived Social Support from Friends (PSSFR). The collected data were analyzed via SPSS18 software using Pearson correlation test.
Findings: The results showed that mental health had significant relationship with the total score of social support (p<0.05, r=0.197). Furthermore, concerning the other subscales, anxiety and sleep disorders (p<0.02, r=0.155) and social functioning (p<0.006, r=0.190) showed significant relationship with mental health. However, there was no significant correlation between PSSFR and mental health.
Conclusion: As proved by the results of this study, when social support is stronger, an individual will have a better mental health status. Moreover, people who experience a higher level of family support have a better mental health status.
Volume 5, Issue 4 (12-2017)
Abstract
Aim: Babies form the most sensitive and most vulnerable group in every society. Some studies have shown that improving the quality of infant sleep is a way to improve the quality of his/her life.
Methods: The present interventional study was conducted on 110 mothers and babies using random sampling in three groups (face-to-face, e-learning and control). Educational interventions included the researcher’s individual meetings with the mothers in the face-to-face training group and giving educational CDs in the e-learning group to improve the quality of infant’s sleep. Information was completed in the parents’ diary registration forms. ANOVA and analysis of variance with repeated measures were used to analyze the data.
Findings: The mean scores of infant sleep quality in the first care before and after the intervention between the three groups of face-to-face training, e-learning and control were not significantly different. While in the second and third cares, infant sleep in e-learning and face-to-face groups was better than in the control group. Moreover, at certain hours of the day, infants in face-to-face group had better sleeping in comparison with those in the e-learning group, and the difference was significant.
Conclusion: Due to lack of statistically significant difference between the three groups in terms of infant sleep and given that increased sleep can be considered as a normal phenomenon in infants, more studies are needed in this area to achieve accurate results.
Volume 6, Issue 1 (winter 2018)
Abstract
Aims: Clinical teaching would provide an opportunity for the students to turn their theoretical knowledge into various mental, psychological, and motor skills, which are necessary for taking care of the patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between students’ learning styles and their preferred method of teaching and the teaching methods of faculty members in clinical teaching.
Instruments & Methods: In this descriptive study, 180 samples were selected, using simple randomized sampling method from nursing and midwifery students of Isfahan Azad University in 2016. The data were collected by the standard questionnaire of Kalb and the questionnaire of Musa-pour teaching method. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20, using Chi-square test and McNamar’s test.
Findings: There was a significant difference between the performed style of the professors and the preferred style of the students (p<0.001). A significant relationship was found between the learning styles and the students’ preferred style (p=0.03); the preferred style of student-oriented was more observed in convergent and attractive learning styles than the other 2 learning styles.
Conclusion: The preferred and appropriate clinical teaching style for nursing and midwifery majors is student-oriented style, but most of the professors use the teacher-oriented approach.
Volume 6, Issue 2 (Spring 2020)
Abstract
Aims: Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that is resistant to many antibiotics including beta-lactams. Production of β-lactamases is the main mechanism of β-lactam resistance in A. baumannii strains. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of blaTEM and blaVEB genes in clinical isolates of A. baumannii and the relationship between the antibiotic resistance and the presence of ESBL genes in strains isolated from burn wound infection in Isfahan.
Materials & Methods: In this study, 123 MDR A. baumannii strains were isolated from burn wound infection. After antibiotic resistance evaluation using the Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method, all the isolates were evaluated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to detect ESBL genes, followed by statistical analysis by the end.
Findings: Out of 123 A. baumannii isolates, 77 (62.60%) strains were ESBL positive according to the PCR results. The frequency of blaTEM and blaVEB genes was 52 (42.3%) and 67 (54.5%), respectively. There was a significant relationship between the antibiotic resistance and the presence of ESBL genes (blaTEM and blaVEB) in A. baumannii strains.
Conclusion: The high prevalence of blaTEM and blaVEB genes in A. baumannii strains found in this study is the major concern about burn wound infections in Isfahan and Iran because of the complexity in treating infections caused by these strains. This study results highlighted the need for infection control measures to prevent the spread of resistant isolates and ESBL genes, especially in burn hospitals.
Volume 6, Issue 3 (Summer 2018)
Abstract
Aims: Adolescence is a golden chance for preventing the harms caused by unhealthy behaviors and it is the time for choosing a permanent healthy lifestyle. The aim of study was to evaluate the impact of educational program on parental nutritional social support among parents' female adolescents.
Materials & Methods: The present field trial was conducted from January to May, 2016. Sixty-three female adolescents (33 persons in intervention group and 30 persons in control group) with the age range of 12 to 15 years at schools of Isfahan, Iran, were selected by multistage random sampling method as the samples of the study. Samples were randomly allocated to two groups. Adolescents’ perceived and received social support from their parents was measured, using a researcher-made questionnaire, of which the validity and reliability were approved. The intervention included 3 educational sessions (each session took 2 hours) within a one-week interval for adolescents’ parents. One month after performing the educational intervention for parents, adolescents’ received and perceived social support for having a healthy diet was measured. The data were analyzed, using SPSS 19 and independent t test, paired t test, Chi square, and Mann-Whitney test.
Findings: There was no significant difference between two groups regarding the demographic characteristics of the two groups. Also, no significant difference was observed between the two groups after the intervention regarding the mean level of their perceived and received nutritional social support.
Conclusion: Educational intervention on parents does not increase perceived and received social support in early adolescents for receiving healthy nutrients.
Volume 6, Issue 4 (Fall 2018)
Abstract
Aims: Health and behavior are closely related subjects because lots of diseases are rooted in individuals’ unhealthy behaviors and habits. The current study aimed at identifying barriers and strategies of overcoming barriers in healthy nutritional behaviors in women.
Participants and Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in 2014 based on content analysis. The participants were 50 married women with the age range of 18 to 50 years old referring to 4 healthcare centers in Sanandaj, who were selected by purposive sampling. Using semi-structured interviews, the data were collected through group discussions and individual in-depth interviews. A thematic analysis approach was applied for data analyses and MAXQDA 10 software was employed to analyze the data.
Findings: Of the total interviews and discussion groups, 200 initial codes were obtained and they were grouped into 4 categories, including individual barriers, social barriers, overcoming individual barriers, and overcoming social barriers. Lack of awareness and healthy cooking skills, unhealthy diet of parents as a negative role model, laziness of wives and women, lack of time, lack of mental relaxation, illiteracy economic issues, and the role of government were mentioned by the participants as individual and social barriers.
Conclusion: Barriers in healthy nutritional behaviors from women's perspective are devided into individual and social barriers and some strategies are mentioned to overcome these barriers, including learning required skills in terms of healthy diet/nutrition, raising awareness, time management, monitoring the contaminated foods by the government, providing public information, training through media, and resolving economic problems.
Volume 7, Issue 3 (Summer 2019)
Abstract
Aims: Locus of control (LOC) refers to the extent to which individuals believe that they can control events that affect them. Health Locus of Control (HLOC) refers to beliefs that related to how one’s health is affected by oneself, others, or fate; and also it is one of the most broadly measured factors of health beliefs for the scheduling of health education programs. The aim of this study was to assess HLOC among Students at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.
Materials and Methods: This cross‑sectional study was conducted in 297 students in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in Iran selected by simple random sampling method in 2018. Data collection was done by the demographic questionnaire and Form “B” of Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scale. Statistical analysis includes (ANOVA, t-test, Pearson test) was performed using SPSS version 20 and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Findings: The mean±SD of three dimensions of HLOC were 26.41±3.98, 16.64±4.36 and 21.67±4.37 for internal, chance and powerful others respectively. There was a significant relationship between internal and powerful others locus of control dimensions with sex (p=0.035, p=0.041). Further, there was not a significant relationship between HLOC dimensions with students’ age, major, parent’s education and occupation.
Conclusion: Since the most scores were relating to an internal locus of control dimension and fewer scores were relating to the chance locus of control dimension, it can be concluded that personal behavioral factors have more influence on students' health and their beliefs about chance, luck or fate has less influence on their health.
Volume 7, Issue 3 (Summer 2021)
Abstract
Backgrounds: This study aimed to analyse hybrid Entroaggregative/Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (EAEC/UPEC) isolates. To do so, the antibiotic resistance pattern and virulence genes were investigated in E. coli strains isolated from clinical specimens of patients hospitalized in Isfahan, Iran.
Materials & Methods: Disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of EAEC/UPEC isolates. Also, virulence determinants of these isolates were determinated by singleplex and multiplex PCR.
Findings: Overall, a total of 148 E. coli isolates were collected, of which 12 (8.1%) isolates were hybrid EAEC/UPEC strains, then antibiotic susceptibility examination was operated on these strains. The higest antibiotic resistance rate was related to ofloxacin (42%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (41%), ceftriaxone and cefepime (33%), and cefoxitin (17%). All the isolates showed susceptibility to fosfomycin.
Conclusion: According to the current study, since resistance to fluoroquinolones has increased in hybrid strains, monitoring the drug susceptibility of hybrid strains seems critical in Iran. Fosfomycin is considered to be the drug of choise for infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Fortunately, 100% of the strains were sensitive to fosfomycin.
Volume 7, Issue 4 (Fall 2019)
Abstract
Volume 8, Issue 2 (Spring 2022)
Abstract
Backgrounds: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an important opportunistic bacterial pathogen that could cause serious infections, especially in neonates, adults, and the elderly. In GBS isolates, a macrolide resistance phenotype that confers constitutive resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B antibiotics (cMLSB phenotype) has become a global concern. On the other hand, little is known about the genetic relatedness and diversity of GBS isolates isolated from various patients in Iran. Hence, this study aimed to determine the genetic relatedness and molecular typing of cMLSB-GBS isolates using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC- PCR) technique.
Materials & Methods: A total of 100 GBS isolates were collected from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI). Among them, 52 erythromycin-resistant GBS isolates were selected, and double-disc diffusion (D-zone) technique was applied to determine the MLSB phenotype among the isolates based on CLSI criteria. Then the genetic relatedness of MLSB-GBS isolates was assessed using ERIC-PCR fingerprinting method.
Findings: Among 52 erythromycin-resistant GBS isolates, 38 isolates were identified with cMLSB phenotype, nine isolates with M phenotype, and five isolates with iMLSB phenotype. The analysis of ERIC-PCR patterns revealed eight different ERIC types that were divided into seven clusters (A-G) and one single type. Also, four isolates were non-typeable. ERIC type A/ serotype Ib was the most prevalent clone among the isolates.
Conclusion: The current study findings showed a high level of diversity and multiclonal spread of the cMLSB phenotype in Isfahan. ERIC type A/ serotype Ib is the predominant clone circulating among erythromycin-resistant GBS strains.
Volume 8, Issue 3 (Summer 2022)
Abstract
Backgrounds: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacillus that is the most common cause of urinary tract infection. E. coli has the ability to produce biofilm as an important virulence factor. Due to the lack of sufficient information about ESBL resistance genes in this geographical area, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ESBLs in E. coli isolates to increase our knowledge about the role of these genes and biofilm formation in inducing resistance.
Materials & Methods: 139 E. coli strains were isolated from urine samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed for the isolates by disk diffusion method. ESBL production was confirmed using double-disk synergy test. Molecular detection of ESBL genes was performed using PCR. Biofilm formation assay was performed by microtiter plate method.
Findings: The most effective antibiotic against this bacterium was nitrofurantoin. Multidrug resistance was observed in 119 (85.6%) isolates. ESBL phenotype was detected in 93 (66.9%) isolates. The PCR test results showed that blaCTX, blaVEB, and blaTEM were positive in 45 (32.4%), 87 (62.6%), and 10 (7.2%) isolates, respectively. The biofilm formation assay results revealed that 65 (46.8%), 58 (41.7%), 10 (7.2%), and six (4.3%) isolates were non-, weak, moderate, and strong biofilm producers, respectively.
Conclusions: The high prevalence of ESBL genes is a public health concern in this region because they could be transmitted to other susceptible bacteria and induce resistance. This study showed that biofilm production could increase antibiotic resistance.
Volume 9, Issue 1 (Winter 2023)
Abstract
Backgrounds: Diabetic patients are at risk of developing serious foot infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, which are associated with high morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of different prophage types and virulence factors among MRSA strains isolated from patients with diabetic foot infections (DFIs) in a referral hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2019 and 2020.
Materials & Methods: A total of 238 S. aureus isolates were collected and confirmed using specific primers. The presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea-seq) and hlb, sak, eta, etb, and tsst-1 genes among MRSA isolates was tested using separate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Also, multiplex PCR was employed for prophage typing of MRSA isolates.
Findings: A total of 73 (31%) isolates were confirmed as MRSA, among which four prophage types and 13 different prophage patterns were identified, and prophage type SGF and prophage pattern 7 consisting of SGB, SGF, SGFa, and SGFb types were the dominant ones. Also, 11 enterotoxin-encoding genes and four virulence factor genes were detected among the isolates. All MRSA isolates were positive for sea, sek, seq, and hlb genes. Moreover, out of 12 different enterotoxin patterns, most MRSA isolates were classified into enterotoxin pattern 1, harboring three enterotoxin genes (sea, sek, and seq).
Conclusion: This study results indicated the presence of different prophage types and virulence factor genes among MRSA strains isolated from DFI patients, which enable them to produce a variety of diseases.
Volume 9, Issue 2 (Spring 2021)
Abstract
Aims: Experienced bodily sensation with basic emotions seems to be a universal phenomenon, but
cross-cultural differences are expected. This study was designed to determine the topographic map of changes across six basic emotions and anxiety in a sample of Iranian people and to compare their perception of emotion-related bodily changes by sex.
Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 220 Iranians aged 16-55 years. The Persian pencil and paper version of the emBODY application was used and validated during the study. The results were analyzed by SPSS 20 software using generalized linear models to determine the relationship between gender and emotion sensation in 5 main body areas and three main facial parts.
Findings: Anxiety was the most common reported basic emotion, and anger, fear, sadness, joy, surprise, and disgust, respectively, were identified basic emotions in both sexes. GLMs were significant (p<0.05) for bodily sensation changes in the head and neck, upper body, upper and lower limbs, and all three main facial parts. Results also showed a significant gender difference in lower limbs (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The results suggested the consistency of distinct emotion-triggered bodily sensation maps of Iranians with universal patterns.
