Showing 67 results for Diabetes
Volume 1, Issue 0 (1-2022)
Abstract
Aims A family history of obesity, physical inactivity, and an unhealthy lifestyle was associated with an increased risk of diabetes in young individuals. Most published studies had focused on single risk factors such as BMI, Physical activity, and dietary lifestyle, while the combined effect and existence of those factors were largely neglected.
Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 666 male students. Based on their family history of diabetes, their anthropometric measurements were also taken, and their BMI was calculated and categorised based on WHO standards.
Findings The results showed a significant correlation between obesity, family history, and diabetes, with a significant correlation between diabetes and obesity and also had a high positive correlation. While remaining correlations were also significant.
Conclusion The study concluded that a high proportion of students are at risk of diabetes and recommended an integrated intervention program to encourage healthy eating habits and physical activity and improve awareness.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2013)
Abstract
Aims: Diabetes as the most common diseases caused by metabolic disorders is an important global challenge. This is a disease that requires lifelong self-care; because the self-care and improvement of the life quality is cost effective .The aim of this study is to determine the effects of the self-Efficacy education program on reducing blood sugar levels among the type 2 diabetic patients. It was conducted in Zahedan. Methods and Materials: 138 diabetic type 2 patients were selected in Zahedan Diabetic Center and divided randomly into control groups (n=69) and test group (n=69); and special checklist and health belief model questionnaire were applied as data collection instruments. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire was evaluated and confirmed. The data collected before intervention was analyzed, then educational design method executed 3 and 6 months after intervention and the collected data was analyzed using SPSS software. Findings: According to the results, there is a significant statistical difference in average number of models before and after educational intervention (pConclusions: Self-efficacy training in striation improves knowledge, attitude and self-care behaviours performance of the subjects and the related average of HbA1c and FB. The training seems to increase the learners' active participation in caring themselves, because they have experienced the results of the training program and they are motivated to enhance their better self-care behaviours.
Volume 1, Issue 3 (12-2013)
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of the Syrian type 2 diabetic females and the way they control it. Methods: A qualitative design based on the content analysis approach was used to collect data and analyze the females' experiences with type 2 diabetes. Semi-structured interviews carried out with 12 females who had visited the Diabetic Center in Lattakia from March to December 2011. Finding: Seven major themes emerged out of the study as strategies for diabetes control: responsibility taking, illness confirmation, acquiring diabetes knowledge, self-care, sociofamily support, hopefulness and religious beliefs. Conclusion: The findings of the study can be used to empower Syrian diabetic population and can provide nurses and other health professionals with more profound understanding of how the Syrian with diabetes view their lives and their sources of strength.
Volume 4, Issue 2 (4-2016)
Abstract
Aim: The most important factor underlying the mortality of patients with diabetes is the lack of self-care. This study aimed to determine the effect of education via mobile text messaging on the self-care of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: This semi-experimental controlled study was carried out on 74 patients with diabetes in Chabahar, Iran. They were selected using convenience sampling in the health care centers, and were randomized into two control and intervention groups of 37 subjects each. The tools to collect data were questionnaires containing demographic profiles and self-care questionnaire. For each group, the questionnaires were completed, and educational SMS (short message service) was sent to the intervention group for four weeks. The post-test questionnaire was completed by both groups two months after educational intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS16 and appropriate statistical tests.
Findings: Before the intervention, the mean scores of all self-care dimensions between the two groups did not differ significantly but after that, the mean of total scores of self-care and some of its dimensions (adherence to diet, blood glucose self-monitoring and foot care) were positive, and significantly increased in the intervention group versus the control group regularly after intervention were not different significantly between the two groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of sending SMS educational method (SSEM) in improving the self-care of patients, it is necessary to further consider and use this method.
Volume 4, Issue 3 (8-2016)
Abstract
Aim: Psychosocial problems override in patients with type 2 diabetes than healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression, stress and anxiety in patients with type 2 diabetes as well as their association with demographic factors.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 201 patients with type 2 diabetes were incorporated using convenience sampling method from the Tehran-based Dornian Care Clinic. The instrument consisted of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). The collected data were analyzed in the SPSS software (ver. 16) at the significance level of 0.05.
Findings: In this study, there were 25% male and 75% female participants, with a mean age of 47 years. In terms of education level, they had high school diploma. The prevalence rate of depression, stress and anxiety was 83.1%, 78.1% and 96%, respectively. There was no significant association between stress and age. Depression, anxiety and stress correlated significantly with education level. There was also a significant relationship between anxiety and diabetes complications. Nevertheless, there were no significant relationships between anxiety, stress and depression and the demographic factors of age, duration of diabetes and marital status.
Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of depression, stress and anxiety in patients with type 2 diabetes, it seems necessary to administer a screening program for mental disorders. Provision of psychiatric consultation also appears beneficial.
Volume 4, Issue 3 (8-2016)
Abstract
Aim: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a life time disease that requires change in patients' self-care and life style. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of predisposing, reinforcing and enabling factors on the self-care of patients with DM in Ardabil City, Iran in 2016.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 129 patients with DM referred to the diabetic centers of Ardabil. We used the components of PRECEDE model for planning the program. The educational program was executed on six information sessions. Changes in the predisposing, reinforcing, enabling factors and self-care behaviors one month after the intervention activities were assessed by using the same questionnaire. Data were analyzed through SPSS 16 software using descriptive and analytical tests.
Findings: The mean age of the patients was 56.82(±13.4) years, 69.8% of them were married and 20.2% were illiterate. According to the results, the mean scores for the knowledge, attitude, self-efficiency, self-care behavior, and reinforcement factors increased significantly after the educational intervention (p-value >0.001).
Conclusion: Educational intervention with PRECEDE-PROCEED model improved the diabetic patient’s self-care.
Volume 5, Issue 2 (6-2017)
Abstract
Aim: Health literacy means having basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between health literacy and knowledge in rural patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was performed on 120 patients with type 2 diabetes patients in 2016 in two health homes of Hossein Abad and Kaghazi villages of Aran and Bidgol City in Isfahan Province. Sampling was done by census. Data were gathered by three questionnaires. They were valid and standard questionnaires including demographic, knowledge and HELIA. The data were analyzed by SPSS16 software using descriptive statistics, T-test, correlation coefficient and ANOVA.
Findings: In this study, the participants were 66.7% women, 29/2% worker, 5/8% employee, 4/2% retired, 5% unemployed, and the rest were housewives. The mean score of health literacy and knowledge was 13/82±2/20 and 114±23/21, respectively. The mean age of the participants was 48/88±9/57 years, the mean score of knowledge and health literacy of the participants was 13/82±2/20, 114±23/21, respectively. There was a significant relationship between health literacy and knowledge (p=0.007) and between health literacy and educational level (p<0.05). Also there was a significant difference in health literacy between men and women (p=0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results of the study on the relationship between health literacy and educational level, this study suggests that since the women have an axial role in family health, in order to improve the level of knowledge, the formal education level in rural women diabetic patients must be increased.
Volume 5, Issue 3 (9-2017)
Abstract
Aim: Type 2 diabetes is a preventable disease and can be prevented in people at risk by doing appropriate interventions and selecting new educational practices. Mobile learning is one of the modern educational techniques used for providing opportunities for the transmission of information, as well as strengthening and improving lifelong learning for learners. We aimed to investigate mobile learning impact on blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes referred to Ahvaz Diabetes Consultation Center.
Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 60 samples selected by the random stratified sampling method. The subjects were divided into two groups: experimental group and control group. In this study, data were measured using the fasting blood sugar, DPS software and the demographic questionnaire. Before the start of the intervention, demographic profile and fasting blood sugar level were recorded in the relevant form. A designed software program was loaded on the cell phones of the experimental group. After three weeks, the blood samples were taken. Data were analyzed using the descriptive-analytical statistics tests. The significance level was considered to be less than 0.05.
Findings: The findings showed that the positive effect of implementation the training program by mobile learning method was statistically significant in the control of blood sugar in the experimental group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Mobile learning is one of the modern educational practices that can be used to control blood glucose in people at a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. The use of educational technology can be considered as a good way to help the improvement of the health outcomes and behavior of people at risk for diabetes.
Volume 5, Issue 3 (9-2019)
Abstract
Aims: Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan zoonotic disease caused by an obligate apicomplexan intracellular parasite known as Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). Recently, toxoplasmosis has been suggested as a risk factor for diabetes. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the association between T. gondii infection and two types of diabetes in Tehran, the capital of Iran.
Materials & Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, 98, 95, and 94 blood samples were collected from Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic individuals, referring to Imam Sajad hospital from February to August 2018, respectively. Anti-T. gondii specific IgG and IgM antibodies were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, a structured demographic questionnaire was completed for each person.
Results: IgG antibody was found to be positive in 16.32 (16 of 98) and 57.89% (55 of 95) of patients with diabetes Type 1 and Type 2 and 17.02% (16 of 94) of nondiabetic individuals as controls, respectively. However, the prevalence of positive IgM antibody in these groups was determined as 2.04 (2 of 98), 6.32 (6 of 95), and 17.02 % (16 of 94), respectively.
Conclusion: This finding revealed that toxoplasmosis could be considered as a possible risk factor for diabetes Type 2, while no statistically significant association was found between T. gondii infection and diabetes Type 1. More research is required to be conducted in the future in order to better understand this association.
Volume 5, Issue 4 (12-2017)
Abstract
Aim: Diabetes mellitus and the patients’ need for self-care may bring several challenges in the daily life of diabetic patients. This necessitates the obligation to adopt coping strategies against stress in order to adjust with the governing conditions. The purpose of this study was to explore coping styles in type 2 diabetic patients and their potential associations with demographic factors.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 201 patients with type 2 diabetes were incorporated from the Tehran-based Dornian Care Clinic and evaluated using the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (ver. 16) at the significance level of 0.05.
Findings: The diabetic patients in this study adopted avoidant (72.1%), emotion-oriented (17.9%), and problem-based (10%) coping strategies. While problem-oriented and emotion-oriented strategies correlated with gender, avoidant style did not. Married individuals used avoidant strategies more than singles. There was a significant relationship only between the use of problem-solving strategies and education level. Also there was a significant relationship between the complications of diabetes and adoption of problem-oriented strategies.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, diabetic patients have hard times in the face of stresses of life events and the subsequent challenges of their disease. Counseling seems beneficial in order for effective teaching of coping strategies to diabetic patients.
Volume 5, Issue 4 (12-2017)
Abstract
Aim: Malnutrition prevalence is unknown among elderly patients with diabetes. Nutrition therapy is an essential component in the treatment program for diabetics. Malnutrition is a clinical disorder and a common risk factor in older patients with diabetes, which can affect their health. The main purpose of this article is to evaluate the nutritional condition of elderly with diabetes in Babol City, Iran.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in Babol City during January-April 2017 on 200 older patients with diabetes. Malnutrition was assessed with the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) approach. The patients were followed up until discharge. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics methodology, and correlation among variables was determined by the Chi-square, T-test, and One Way ANOVA.
Findings: The results showed that about 50% of the elderly patients were suffering from malnutrition, and 20% had normal nutritional status, and approximately 30% were exposed to malnutrition.
Conclusion: It is possible to identify people at risk for malnutrition. These individuals are suffering from malnutrition more likely due to lower level of caloric intake that can be easily corrected by nutritional intervention. It is necessary to improve the status of elderly diabetic patients with malnutrition suffering by administering normal nutritional status and special attention.
Volume 6, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Abstract
Aims: Today, Mobile Health interventions as a group of Electronic Health interventions used to provide health information and improve health outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the Health Belief Model-based (HBM) education on self-care in diabetic patient via Telegram, among participants.
Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was done from Jun 2016 to September 2017 in the health centers of Tabriz. Out of 20 health complexes in Tabriz, randomized (stepwise sampling) 5 complex selected. Then from each complex, 2 health center was selected randomly. With randomly sampling method, 68 patients with diabetes were selected (34 participants in the intervention group and 34 participants in the control group). In intervention group, educational text messages based on HBM was sent via Telegram during one month regularly. Three months later, both Intervention and control group completed researcher-made questionnaires by self-report. The data were analyzed by Chi-square test, paired t-test, Pearson’s test and SPSS 19 software.
Findings: There was no significant difference in several demographic characteristics between two groups. Comparison of the mean difference of knowledge and in HBM constructs before of intervention in the groups showed no significant difference (p>0.05). There was a significant mean difference in the HBM constructs between two groups after intervention (p<0.05). There were significant correlations between the HBM constructs (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Educational messages improve the perception constructs of HBM constructs for adopting self-care behaviors.
Volume 7, Issue 2 (4-2019)
Abstract
Aims: To find prevalence and related factors of diabetes mellitus in rural regions of Grash Town located in central Iran (Fars province) composed of 25 rural regions.
Instruments & Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on a sample of 1523 adults aged ≥30 years, living in rural regions of Grash Town during 2015-2016. We used stratified random sampling. Participants were invited by calls and informed consent was obtained from all. We checked HbA1c of participants and demographic information, past medical history, and some risk factors (BMI, familial and personal history of diabetes and level of physical activity) among them were investigated. Cases with HbA1C≥6.5% were considered diabetics. Pregnant women and people with haemoglobinopathies, anemias, and chronic liver/renal diseases were excluded. Data were analyzed, using SPSS19 software. Statistical significant level was <0.05 in this study.
Findings: In this study, 507(33.3%) cases were with HbA1c≥6.5%, of whom 241 (15.8%) were previously diagnosed as diabetic. Diabetes was associated with age (p<0.001), occupation (p=0.04), education (p<0.001), marital status (p<0.001), BMI (p<0.001), and familial history (p<0.001). Age ≥ 50 years, familial history of diabetes, obesity/overweight, unemployment, low educational attainment, and loss of partner were all more frequent in diabetics.
Conclusion: Prevalence of diabetes measured by HbA1c in this study was greater than most previous studies in Iran. However, most studies have used FBS and we need further studies to determine optimal threshold of HbA1c for diagnosis of diabetes in Iranian population. High risk people should be focused in preventive and control programs.
Volume 8, Issue 2 (6-2020)
Abstract
Aims: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an asymptotic disease and can lead to adverse outcomes before and during childbirth. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of resistance training (RT) on sexual hormones in women with GDM.
Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 22 women with insulin-treated GDM, with a gestational age of 24 weeks, were selected and according to body mass index were divided into equal groups of RT and control (C). During 6 weeks the RT group performed RTs for 3 sessions per week and C group only had daily activities during this time. To analyze the data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, independent sample t-test, and repeated measure ANOVA test at p≤0.05 were used.
Findings: Six weeks of RT significantly reduced estrogen (p= 0.01) and increased prolactin (p= 0.001) in women with GDM, however, had not significant effect on progesterone (p= 0.34).
Conclusion: Six weeks of RT seems to improve the sexual hormones in women with GDM.
Mohammad Hossein Delshad, Behnam Honarvar, Fatemeh Pourhaji,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (5-2023)
Abstract
Aim: In the hospital, diabetic foot ulcer is the most common cause of hospitalization of diabetic patients and the most common cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputation, which leads to increased health costs. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs in foot care and physical self concept in people with diabetes.
Method and Materials: This study was descriptive-cross-sectional. Participants who were suffering from diabetes and referring to specialized Ahmadieh clinic of Torbat Hehdarieh of Khorasan province in Iran were assessed. They were selected through systematic random sampling method. Participants completed a self-report foot Care Self-efficacy (FCS) questionnaire. Data were analyses using SPSS 24.
Findings: There was a positive and relatively strong relationship between foot care self-efficacy and physical self-concept in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with and without diabetic foot ulcers (P<0.001) respectively. There was no relationship between foot care self-efficacy, body self-concept, except the duration of the disease and age, which had a negative and weak relationship with other variables (p>0.05).
Conclusions: This study showed the non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients who have better physical self-concept had higher foot care self-efficacy.
Volume 8, Issue 3 (10-2020)
Abstract
Aims: Spirituality can be an important source of coping with the disease, reduce feelings of suffering and improving the quality of life in patients with chronic diseases. The purpose of the current study was to determine the relationship of spirituality with the perception of suffering and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Instruments & Methods: This was a descriptive-correlation study. Participants were 145 patients with type 2 diabetes of rural health clinics and the valley hospital in Khorramshahr city which were selected via stratified random and available sampling methods. Data collection tools were version of 29-item of the spiritual questionnaire (Parsian and Dunning), experience and perception of suffering questionnaire (Schulz) and version of 26-item of the quality of life questionnaire (WHO). Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 software and Pearson's correlation, T-test, ANOVA, Post Hoc, and stepwise regression analytical statistics.
Findings: The spirituality average scores were 79.41±15.82, perception of suffering average scores, 54.89±2.14, and quality of life 74.44±1.65. There was a significant negative relationship between spirituality and feelings of suffering (p<0.05) and a significant positive relationship between spirituality and quality of life (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: A strong correlation between spirituality with quality of life and suffering in patients with type II diabetes demonstrates the roles and responsibilities of healthcare providers, including physicians and nurses and the patient's family in meeting the varied spiritual and religious needs of patients along with therapeutic actions. Paying attention to improve spiritual health is also important in education programs for these patients.
Volume 8, Issue 4 (11-2020)
Abstract
Aims: The prevalence of Diabetes type 2 has been increased significantly during recent years. So, prevention is necessary from adolescence. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Health Belief Model-based education on preventive behaviors of Diabetes type 2 in male adolescences.
Materials & Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 208 secondary school students of Hamadan city (104 students in an experimental group and 104 students in a control group) in 2018, who were selected using the stratified-proportional sampling method. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire including demographic, awareness, model constructions, and preventive behavior. Afterward, an educational intervention was implemented in the experimental group based on Health Belief Model in four 45-60 minute sessions. After one month, the data were recollected from the two groups and analyzed using Chi-square, t-test, and linear regression by SPSS 16 software.
Findings: Comparing the scores of awareness, Health Belief Model constructs, and student’s preventive practices revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups at the beginning of the study (p>0.05). However, after the intervention, significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding awareness, the Health Belief Model constructs, and student’s preventive practices (p<0.05). Linear regression analysis indicated that self-efficacy was the most important independent predictor of type-2 diabetes-preventative behavior (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Health Belief Model-based education is effective in promoting type-2 diabetes prevention behaviors in students.
Volume 9, Issue 0 (3-2010)
Abstract
Patients afflicted by diabetes mellitus (DM) usually have more infections than those without DM. The course of the infections is also more complicated in this group of patients. One of the possible causes of increased infections prevalence is a deficiency in the immunity. Besides some decreased cellular responses in vitro, no disturbances in adaptive immunity in diabetic patients have been described. Different disturbances (low complement factor 4, decreased cytokine response after stimulation) in humoral innate immunity have been described in diabetic patients. In this research hydrogen peroxide (reactive oxygen mediator) and nitric oxide (reactive nitrogen mediator) in the neutrophil and macrophage culture of peritone in rats were evaluated against C.albicans. Via intravenous injection of streptozocin (65 mg/kg), a diabetic rat model was obtained. nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide assay was performed by the Griess and Walter-Ruch methods respectively. C.albicans colony count on SCC medium was also done in two groups of healthy and diabetic mice.
Macrophages of the healthy group reacted to C.albicans severly compared to the diabetic group which significantly produced more nitric oxide (P0.028). Neutrophils of the healthy group produced more No compared to the diabetic group against C.albicans (P0.165). No considerable difference was observed in production of hydrogen peroxide by macrophages in two groups of healthy and diabetic mice. Neutrophils of the diabetic group produced more hydrogen peroxide compared to the healthy group (P1). There was no significant difference in C.albicans colony count between the two healthy and diabetic groups (P0.058).
Although nitrogen and oxygen related factors are changed or reduced after diabetic induction, changes in other immune system factors cannot be undermined.
Volume 9, Issue 3 (7-2021)
Abstract
Aims: Training has an important role in improving quality of life. The current study aimed to compare the effect of peer and family-based training on the quality of life of rural diabetic elderly.
Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study conducted in 2020, 30 older adults referring to Shahid Abad village health center in Babol, northern Iran, were randomly assigned to peer group (N=15) and family-based training group (N=15). The intervention in both groups consisted of 6 sessions of 30 to 60 minutes for six weeks. Quality of life was assessed using the LEIPAD QOL questionnaire before, immediately, and two months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21.0., Fisher test, Independent t-test, Paired t-test, and MANCOVA.
Findings: Before the intervention, the mean quality of life in the peer group was 61.35±16.49, and the family-based training group was 53.18±6.98, and there was no significant difference (p=0.147). According to paired t-test, changes in quality of life score in the family-based training group was significant in two time periods (before intervention to two months after intervention (p=0.048)), immediately after intervention to two months after intervention (p=0.036), but was not significant in the peer training group.
Conclusion: Family-based training effectively affects the quality of life of rural diabetic elderly in two time periods.
Volume 9, Issue 4 (10-2021)
Abstract
Aims: This research aimed at designing and psychometric properties of a questionnaire for health-worker skills evaluation to obtain a self-care program for pre-diabetic patients.
Instrument & Methods: The questionnaire's psychometric properties were evaluated utilizing face validity by 15 health workers, content validity was evaluated by ten experts (5 health education and health promotion experts, three diabetes experts, and two general practitioners), and construct validity, internal consistency, and stability were assessed by 400 health workers who were randomly selected.
Findings: Due to the results of investigating the texts and interviews, the initial questionnaire, including 54 phrases, was presented. In the face validity section, eight expressions were removed quantitatively. Then, in identifying content validity, three other words were deleted, and the questionnaire was reduced to 43 phrases in general. This questionnaire's exploratory factor analysis revealed four factors: self-efficacy, attitude, reinforcing factors, and enabling factors. These four factors explained 57.51% of the total variance of the test. The confirmatory factor analysis results also confirmed the factors of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model. Cronbach's alpha and intra-cluster correlation index for questionnaire structures ranged from 0.87-0.88 and 0.87-0.88, respectively.
Conclusion: The designed questionnaire has good validity and reliability.
