Showing 53 results for Patient
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate pragmatic skill of adult right and left hemispheres damaged Persian speaking patients using the Persian version of the Montreal Protocol for the Evaluation of Communication (M.E.C.). The statistical populations of the study were 10 adults, right and left hemispheres damaged Persian speaking patients due to cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Two sets of tests were used in the present study. The first ones were screening tests included Lateral Preference Inventory (Corn test), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Persian Diagnostic Aphasia Battery (EQ1). The Performance of patients in protocol subtests were evaluated and compared with each other individually, intragroup and intergroup. Data were analyzed using inferential statistical methods and no meaningful relations were found between them. These findings indicated that damage to the right and left hemispheres of the brain leads to pragmatic impairments. However, damages to the right hemisphere increases the severity of pragmatic impairments more than damages to the left hemisphere.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2013)
Abstract
Aims: Evaluation of Patient Satisfaction (PS) is one of the most essential factors in improving the quality of healthcare systems. The aim of this study is to determine the norms and to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Najmiyeh Outpatients Satisfaction Questionnaire (NOSQ). Methods and Materials: This study has been conducted on 240 outpatients in Najmiyeh subspecialty hospital (Tehran-Iran) in 2011. They were selected using the proportional simple random sampling method. Following the confirmation of the content validity, we considered the construct validity and reliability applying Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Cronbach's Alpha. Also, SPSS and AMOS version 18 were used for data analysis. Findings: The sample population consisted of 240 subjects, including 132 females (55.1%) and 108 males (44.9%). The EFA reported three important factors in this regard, with a variance of 54% and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index of 0.82, all approved by the CFA (RMSEA= 0.04, CFI= 0.96). The outpatients' satisfaction factors were: “hospital information system, treatment and conditions”. The reliability of the questionnaire was reported at %71 based on the Cronbach's alpha. Conclusions: Both validity and the reliability indexes of the NOSQ have been reported at a desirable level; therefore it can be used as a valid and reliable instrument to measure the outpatients' satisfaction.
Volume 1, Issue 2 (6-2013)
Abstract
Aim: Patients' satisfaction (PS) is a dominant concept in medical care, due to the gap in the literature on Persian version of PS instruments, this study has conducted with aim to analyze the validity and reliability of self-designed Najmiyeh Inpatient Satisfaction Questionnaire (NISQ). Methods: This study was carried out on 247 inpatients that came in Najmiyeh subspecialty hospital in Tehran (the capital city of Iran) during year 2011 who were selected by proportional stratified sampling method. Statistical analysis used: In this study, after checking content validity we used confirmatory and explanatory factor analysis and Cronbach's Alpha in order to examine construct validity and reliability, respectively. SPSS (version18) and AMOS (version 20) programmer were used to analyze data. Findings: Samples consisted of 247 subjects (222 women (90%) and 25 men (10%)). The explanatory factor analysis showed 5 factors with 64% total variance and 0.91 Kaser-Meyer-Olkin Index, the result also confirmed with confirmatory factor analysis (PNFI=0.71, RMR=0.03, PCFI=0.76). Extracted factors consisted of: “satisfaction from nursing services and their behaviour”, “satisfaction from one’s doctor”, “satisfaction from inpatient department”, “companions’ satisfaction”, “satisfaction from one’s room”. Also the questionnaire’s reliability was 0.96 using the Cronbach's Alpha method. Conclusions: Because validity and reliability indexes of NISQ were reported in suitable range, we can confirm that this questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for measuring inpatient satisfaction.
Mariam Feroze, Muhammad Afzal, Hajra Sarwar, Amir Galani, Shamila Afshan,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (6-2017)
Abstract
Background: Cardiac Catheterization is a critical health status which requires standardized care policies, as well as it needs qualified and skilled health provider to obtain good outcome of management.This study aimed toassess the knowledge and practice of nurses regarding patient safety after cardiac catheterization.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Punjab Institute of cardiology located in Lahore, Pakistan from 01st December 2016 to 31st March, 2017. 171 female nurses through using convenient sampling technique were included in the study. Questionnaire with multiple choice was used to collect data. Likert scale for multiple choose questionnaires regarding knowledge and practice of the nurses were used Collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.
Results: Out of 171 participants, all (N = 171) were female, most nurses had job experience of 2-5 years and 6-10 years, they were represented by 34.5% and 31.0% respectively. Mean of total knowledge was found good, when compared to mean of practice which was poor. This showed that nurses have good knowledge about post cardiac catheterization complication. It was found significant value of P < 0.0001 by applying correlation, that showed there was a good association between knowledge and practice (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: There was positive association between the knowledge and practice about patient’s safety after Cardiac Catheterization among Pakistanis registered nurses. Nurses those have proper knowledge and practice could help in rehabilitation of patients.
N. Moradi, P. Rahimifar, M. Soltani, M.j. Shaterzadeh-Yazdi, M. Hosseini Bidokhti,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Abstract
Aims: This study aimed at examining the effect of caricature on the score of family counseling in the internship training unit and the degree of satisfaction of the trainers of the internship unit from the performance of speech therapy students in Ahvaz.
Materials & Methods: The population of the study consisted of 74 students of the 5th semester of speech therapy of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences admitted to the university during 2013 to 2016 divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 39 students (2013 and 2014) and had passed patient counseling with the conventional method, the second group included 35 students (2015 and 2016) and had spent patient counseling of the speech disorder course with the help of caricatures. At the end each semester, trainers in both groups scored their satisfaction with the students’ performance, using a 4-degree qualitative scale, the internship scores of both groups were recorded.
Findings: The mean and standard deviation for the internship of students, who passed patient counseling using caricatures was 18.92±0.70, and for the students, who studied the voice topic with the traditional method was 14.84±1.05. Independent t-test showed the significance of this difference between the two groups (p<0.001). 90% of the trainers acknowledged that teaching with caricatures is more effective than the conventional teaching for offering counseling service to patients.
Conclusion: The use of caricatures in classroom has led to an increase in the ability of students to consult a patient with voice disorder. It also leads to increased satisfaction of internship trainers.
Volume 5, Issue 3 (9-2019)
Abstract
Aims: Hospitalized patients are often immunocompromised as a result of invasive medical examinations and treatments. Of course, the tendency to do care practices for these patients and the hospital environment may facilitate the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms among them.
Materials & Methods: The study population and health status of volunteer patients were collected using a pretested questionnaire and patients information available in hospital files. A total of 102 samples were collected from patients’ wounds, noses, ears, and urine and microbiologically analyzed for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus species by plating on Manittol Salt agar. Colonies were purified by streaking on Nutrient agar, Gram stained, and tested for the presence of coagulase and the capability of growing on 3–5% salt concentration.
Findings: Male patients (51.3%) were more infected by S. aureus strains than female patients (48.7%). In terms of age, S. aureus infection rate was higher in patients within the age ranges from 17-50 years (56.32%) and lesser in patients within the age ranges from 51-100 years (43.68%). Genogram of the isolates indicated two major groups based on the genotypic responses to the antibiotics and extracts (This means the possible separation of the isolates into family groups according to their responses to antimicrobial agents). The prevalence of S. aureus colonization was higher in male patients.
Conclusions: Observed indices suggest that sex could be considered as a risk factor for S. aureus infection in patients. In addition to antibiotics, plants extracts could be used as an effective alternative for the treatment of S. aureus infections to control resistant S. aureus species.
Volume 5, Issue 5 (3-2014)
Abstract
In this paper, the constructions of ditransitive verbs are examined in Persian. This study based on Construction Grammar (Goldberg: in press) views differently on this type of verbs. One of the objectives in this paper is to explain the internal properties of ditransitive constructions and determine their different types. The purpose is to display the distinctions of ditransitive constructions in order to demonstrate the interaction between syntax and discourse. Besides their syntactic differences, pragmatic ones will be mentioned too. This can be achieved by choosing a formal-functional approach. The Persian data analysis shows the effect of information structure and its interaction with patient and theme. Therefore, the contextual factors are considered as important as the syntactic ones. Information structure exerts a noticeable effect on the distribution of nominal arguments as well as on their scope properties among the Persian sentences. Thus these constructions not only indicate formal distinctions but also informative ones. Consequently, comprehensive and multi-dimensional interpretation, which is the basic goal in this study will be attained by relying on syntactic- pragmatic explanations.
Volume 6, Issue 2 (5-2015)
Abstract
Physicians are more presumptuous than patients in verbal interaction. This study was conducted to measure the ratio of physicians’ and patients’ presumptuousness, and the role of gender in order to find an appropriate model for doctor-patient interaction. One hundred and one interviews in Mazandaran Medical Sciences hospitals were studied by using Stiles coding system. The physicians were 10.4 times more presumptuous than the patients. The most presumptuousness in the physicians was in physical examination, and in the patients, it was in conclusion. The least presumptuousness in physicians and in patients was in history taking and in physical examination, respectively. There was a meaningful difference in presumptuousness between men and women in the patients (P<0.05), while there was no meaningful difference between men and women in the physicians. Among the patients, rustics, low educated ones, and the elders were more presumptuous. When the gender of physicians and patients was different, the presumptuousness increased; however, the presumptuousness decreased when the gender was the same. We can conclude that the physicians were much more presumptuous than the patients. Their presumptuousness varied from the most in physical examination to the least in the history taking, because the physicians received information during the history taking and they listened more. In physical examination, the patients were in a special situation, sometimes unrobed. It strongly affected the presumptuousness. Presumptuousness had a direct relation with social class. Social class was the main factor when there was a gender difference, and it increased the physicians’ presumptuousness. The Results showed that in the patients, politeness in lower class decreased the presumptuousness. Knowing these factors can help physicians and patients to have an appropriate outcome
Fatteme Raiisi,
Volume 6, Issue 2 (5-2021)
Abstract
Aim: Pain is an abstract concept that can be understood by others through conceptual metaphors. The purpose of this study was cognitive analysis of pain metaphors in Iranian patients.
Method and Materials: This qualitative study has been done among 30 patients with musculoskeletal pain through cognitive analysis. The participants were asked to compare their pain to anything that comes to their minds. In next stage, frequent categories of pain source domains were extracted from 300 statements manually.
Findings: The results of this study showed that there were 9 important pain source domains as object, causation, path and direction, human, place, taste, container, force and circle.
Conclusion: To conclude, it seems that pain as like abstract concepts can be understood as object, causation, path and direction, human, place, taste, container, force and circle among Persian patients.
Seyedeh Somayeh Kazemi, Rahman Panahi, Mohammad Rafighi,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (10-2021)
Abstract
Aims: Low Back Pain (LBP) is a major contributor to disability worldwide which affected the Quality of Life (QOL). This study aimed to determine the correlation between pain intensity and QOL in patients with chronic LBP.
Method and Materials: In this study, 31 patients with LBP who referred to a pain clinic in Sari , the center city of Mazandaran province of Iran were selected through simple random sampling based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Data collection was done using a demographic questionnaire, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Short Form Quality of Life (SF-36). To analyze the data, descriptive / analytical statistics were used through SPSS version 23.
Findings: Of the total number of patients, 51.62% were female (n=16), and 48.38% were male (n=15). The majority of the participants (N=22; 70.97%) aged greater than 60 years old. The result showed the majority of the participants (N= 17) of patients (54.85%) had moderate pain. There was a significant correlation between pain intensity and all dimensions of QOL except social functioning.
Conclusion: This study revealed that low back pain could decrease physical and mental functioning of the suffered patients. Although, doing more studies with larger sample and objective measurements, applying different approaches to decrease low back pain is guaranteed.
Sayedeh Somayyeh Mousavipour, Mohammad Golitaleb, Mansoreh Karimi Kia, ّfatemeh Ali Akbari, Kosar Yousefi, Ali Sahebi,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (12-2022)
Abstract
Aim: Patient safety is one of the most important parameters of quality health care. The role of health care workers in providing safe care is essential, and their positive attitudes towards this issue will positively affect patient safety. This review aimed to investigate the attitudes of health care workers towards patient safety in Iran.
Method and Materials: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) guideline was used to conduct the present review. Data resources including SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, ISC, Web of science, and Google Scholar were chosen to conduct the literature search both in Persian and English without any time limit until the end of January 2021. Inclusion criteria included all English or Persian language studies in which the Safety Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ) was used to assess the attitude of Iranian health care workers towards patient safety.
Findings: In the primary search, 342 studies were obtained, finally 11 of which were reviewed. Among these, 10 studies had cross-sectional designs, and one study was a quasi-experimental research. Overall, 2162 health care workers were analyzed. The results of the present study showed that most health care workers in Iran had unfavorable attitudes towards patient safety.
Conclusion: As upgrading health care workers’ attitudes seems necessary to improve patients’ safety, it is recommended that health organizations provide regular patients’ safety training, both at employment time and during service to the health care workers who are in direct and indirect contact with patients.
Volume 7, Issue 2 (5-2021)
Abstract
Backgrounds: Metallo-β-Lactamase (MBL) enzymes-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains are one of the most important causes of nosocomial infections and are very difficult to treat, leading to high mortality rate. Therefore, control of these cases is very important, especially in burns. This study aimed to systematically review published data on MBL genes prevalence among P. aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients.
Materials & Methods: ISI Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched using appropriate key terms as follows: P. aeruginosa, metallo-β-lactamase, burn patients, imipenem resistant, and Iran. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods according to the CLSI guidelines. The MBL producers was evaluated by the combination disk diffusion test (CDDT), and detection of genes such as blaIMP, blaVIM, blaSPM and blaNDM was performed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this review statistical analyses were performed using STATA statistical software Ver.13.
Results: Out of 410 retrieved articles, 18 articles were eligible to be included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. These studies were carried out in Tehran, Shiraz, Yazd, Zahedan, and other locations. Pooled estimation of all P. aeruginosa strains included in 18 studies showed that the prevalence of MBL-producing P. aeruginosa strains in Iranian population was about 49% (95% CI: 33-65). The present study findings also revealed that in Iranian population, the most prevalent MBL genes were blaIMP with 17% (95% CI) and blaVIM with 13% (95% CI), respectively.
Conclusion: Detection of these bacterial resistance genes should be performed nationally, and strict control measures should be put on the agenda to reduce the incidence of these cases.
Volume 7, Issue 2 (5-2021)
Abstract
Backgrounds: Currently, clinical details of immunosuppressed patients suffering from COVID-19 are limited. Some studies have shown no more severe diseases among them, but others have highlighted that immunosuppressed patients may have high levels of viral load and impaired immune responses. Herein, this study aimed to specifically address the symptoms, prognosis, laboratory tests, clinical course, and the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infected immunocompromised patients at a tertiary referral center.
Materials & Methods: Clinical and laboratory information of 75 non-congenital immunosuppressed patients with COVID-19 disease was obtained at a referral center for immunodeficiency diseases and infectious disorders in Tehran, Iran. Three groups of immunocompromised patients were evaluated, including patients with a history of organ transplantation, autoimmune patients receiving medical therapy, and cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Findings: Among 75 immune-deficient patients with COVID-19, there were 32 patients with a kidney transplant, 23 patients with malignancies, and 19 patients with autoimmune disorders. One patient had both malignancy and multiple sclerosis. The mean length of hospitalization was 10.82 days. By the end of the study, 24 (32%) patients were dead, and 51 (68%) patients were discharged. Dyspnea was the most common (64%) symptom. Low levels of O2 saturation and lymphopenia at admission time significantly affected the mortality rate of patients.
Conclusion: This study showed that mortality rate among immunocompromised patients was 32%. It seems that COVID-19 has a worse outcome and a more severe clinical course in immunocompromised patients regardless of age, gender, and underlying diseases.
Fatteme Raiisi, Zahra Reyhaninejad Kafi, Razieh Rahmani,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (4-2022)
Abstract
Aims: The purpose of this study is to investigate the prediction of pain anxiety symptoms based on pain perception with the mediating role of mental pain in in patients suffering from musculoskeletal disorders.
Method and Materials: This research is a cross-sectional study in which descriptive– correlational method was applied. The study population was all musculoskeletal patients in Tehran, Iran in 2021. In present study, 300 musculoskeletal patients were selected via candidate sampling method. They completed the Orbach & Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale (2018), Melzack McGill Pain Questionnaire (1975) and Paknejad et al. Pain Anxiety Symptoms (2014). Pearson correlation & bootstrap test were used to analyze data through SPSS-22.
Findings: There was significant negative relationship between pain perception and mental pain and conversely and significant direct positive relationship between pain perception and pain anxiety symptoms (P0.01>). Moreover, itwas shown the mediating role of mental pain in the relationship between pain perception and pain anxiety symptoms in patients with musculoskeletal pain.
Conclusion: To conclude, based on the results, it could be argued that pain is affected by mental components and if the psychological reasons are relieved, the pain will be perceived
less severe.
Fatteme Raiisi,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (7-2022)
Abstract
Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the lived experience of pain metaphors in cancer patients.
Method and Materials: The method of this study was qualitative with hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The study population included all cancer patients in Tehran in 2021-2022 who experienced pain from cancer and its treatment. According to the theoretical saturation rule, 20 cancer patients in stages 2 and 3 of the cancer were selected by purposive method and interviewed in-depth and semi-structured manner. The interview lasted from 40 to 90 minutes. The time and place of the interviews were determined by the participants. Questions with a general question as to what you analogized your experience with cancer and its treatments. After each interview and recording it, the content of the interview was written in fully. The extracted data were analyzed using the method of hermeneutic analysis of Diekelmann et al. (1989).
Findings: According to interpretive hermeneutic analysis; lived experiences of pain in cancer patients are 4 main themes including; the metaphor of lived war, the metaphor of lived scheduled pain cage, the metaphor of living in dark future with pain and the metaphor of lived with overload pain.
Conclusion: To conclude, metaphors have important role in pain expressions. Researchers suggest cognitive therapies to change metaphors of pain.
Fatteme Raiisi, Hossein Raisi, Mahdi Kolivand,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (7-2022)
Abstract
Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prediction of pain catastrophizing based on pain anxiety symptoms and cognitive flexibility in cancer patients
Method and Materials: In this cross-sectional study all cancer patients in Tehran in 2021-22 were the target population. Among this population 250 cancer patients were selected via candidate and at reach sampling method. Then the selected patients completed the Paknejadet al.`s Pain Anxiety Symptoms (2014), Sullivan et al. `s Pain Catastrophizing Pain (1995),and Dennis et al.`s (2010) Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire. For data analysis, Pearson correlation and step by step regression analysis were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-24.
Findings: There was a relationship between cognitive flexibility and pain anxiety symptoms with pain catastrophizing (P0.01>). The relationship between pain catastrophizing with pain anxiety symptoms was positive. However, there was a negative relationship between pain catastrophizing and cognitive flexibility. Moreover, catastrophizing pain could be predicted based on anxiety symptoms and cognitive flexibility.
Conclusion: To conclude, it seems in cancer patients some cognitive factors have important roles in pain catastrophizing as pain anxiety symptoms and cognitive flexibility.
Volume 7, Issue 4 (11-2021)
Abstract
Backgrounds: This research aimed to estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) in stool samples of patients with different types of cancer.
Materials and Methods: Stool samples or deep rectal swabs were collected from cancer cases from January 2017 to December 2018. After species identification, in order to detect ESBL-PE, double-disk synergy test (DD test) was used. Disk diffusion procedure was conducted to determine the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobials. Lastly, antibiotic resistance genes including
bla genes were characterized via polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Findings: Among 100 patients enrolled in this study, 50 (50%) were ESBL carriers.
Escherichia coli was
the most prevalent bacterium isolated (85%). Genotyping of EBSL-PE encoding genes using PCR showed that the prevalence rates of
blaCTX-M and
blaCTX-M-15 genes were 94 (47 of 50) and 90% (45 of 50), respectively, which were higher than those of
blaTEM (80%, 40 of 50) and
blaSHV genes (34%, 17of 50). There was no significant association between ESBL-PE fecal carriage and age (
p= .68), sex (
p = .49), time of diagnosis (
p= .21), antibiotic therapy for the past three months (
p= .77), and history of chemotherapy (
p= .49). Finally, it was determined that cancer type was an associated risk factor for ESBL-PE fecal carriage in cancer patients.
Conclusion: This research emphasizes regular bacterial monitoring, and that antibiotic stewardship plans ought to be performed among cancer patients to prohibit further spread of ESBL-PE with confined therapeutic options.
Elham Arvaneh, Fatemeh Mohammadi Shirmahleh, Marziyeh Gholami Tooranposhti, Farahnaz Meschi,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (1-2023)
Abstract
Aims: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of coping skills group training and mindfulness-based group training on pain perception in patients with kidney failure with follow up.
Method and Materials: The method of the study was semi-experimental in nature with a pretest-posttest design. The statistical population of this research included all kidney failure patients who visited Kosar Hospital in 2021-2022 (from October to November). Based on this, 45 renal failure patients were divided into two experimental groups and one control group using the matching method, and all three groups were administered the McGill Pain Questionnaire (1997) in the pretest, posttest and follow-up. Data were analyzed with SPSS-26.
Findings: The findings showed; there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of coping skills group training and mindfulness-based group training on pain perception in patients with kidney failure. But both intervention groups were significantly different from the control group (P<0.01). Both treatments had a lasting effect in follow-up stage.
Conclusion: According the findings of this syudy, it can be said that group training of coping skills and group training based on mindfulness can affect pain perception, in patients with renal failure, and this effect continues over time.
Niloofar Dadashi -Tonkaboni, Marjan Bagheri, Mahdi Gholian-Aval, Maryam Ghaemi-Amiri, Fahime Pourhaji, Monireh Abdollahi, Mehr Sadat Mahdizadeh,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (5-2023)
Abstract
Aims: Transportation of patients in hospitals is one of the main reasons for the prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases among health care workers. Considering that the practical action of recognizing and evaluating the studies has been done, therefore the present study has been conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases and the determinants affecting the disorders in a systematic manner in Iran.
Method and Materials: In this systematic review, English databases of Web of Science, Scopus, Proquest, PubMed as well as databases Magiran, SID in Iran, and also Google Scholar search engine in the period Jan 1990 to Jan 2020 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement were done. Study process was conducted from 28th September to the end of October. Cochrane (adapted for evaluating interventional studies) and Strengthening the Reporting of Observation Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklists (adapted for evaluating cross-sectional studies) were used to evaluate the quality of the articles. To avoid bias in the study, the data were analyzed by two researchers entirely independently. Any disagreement between the researchers was examined by a third party.
Findings: Out of 93 articles, finally, 10 articles2 (interventional and 8 cross-sectional articles) entered the final list of studies. Thus, the final articles were performed on health system staff (nurse, nurse’s assistance, helper nurse’s assistance and service workers). In all studies, the prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases were highly reported among those responsible for transporting the patient.
Conclusions: Considering the high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among the medical staff, the interventions carried out in the field of teaching the correct method of patient transportation in Iran seem insufficient, so that there is a need for better planning and designing more practical interventions. Also, often enough tools and equipment are not available for easy transportation, which should be considered by hospital managers.
Fatteme Raiisi,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (5-2023)
Abstract
Two articles published in this journal with the titles of "Conceptual Metaphors of Pain in Persian: A Cognitive Analysis. IJMPP 2021, 6(2):496-501.[1]" and "Understanding Cancer Patients' Lived Experience of Pain through Metaphors: A Qualitative Study. IJMPP 2022;7(3):759-764. [2]". In the first article; the author demonstrated the pain metaphors Persian speakers use for their sorts of pain and its mappings. But in the second-one , the author indicated that dedicated pain mapping that cancer patients are involved with them cognitively and live with them. According to this, they investigated pain metaphors that play an important role between physician and patient. Although these types of metaphors guide diagnosis and treatment, but. in some cases, incorrect pain metaphors distort the diagnosis and the treatment will not be effective. Therefore, more research and investigation are needed in this new interdisciplinary field of study.
