---

Background: Preventive measures such as training and awareness and prevention skills for personal protection in the musculoskeletal areas are one of the most important strategies in health care systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an educational intervention based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on promoting preventive behavior of musculoskeletal problems in female Afghan health workers. Material and Methods: In this study, 60 female employees of Afghanistan health ministry were selected and divided randomly into control and experimental groups (N = 30 women for each one). Data, collected through a questionnaire based on health belief model on preventive behaviors of musculoskeletal problems. The experimental group received the educational intervention for a month, and three months after the program, both groups completed a questionnaire and data were analyzed. Results: The results indicated that before the educational intervention program, there were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups in knowledge, perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers and perform­ance. However, after the intervention, these factors significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group and also perceived barriers decreased (all P < 0. 001). Conclusion: According to this study, health education program based on Health Belief Model was an effective program on promoting preventive behaviors of musculoskeletal problems. Therefore, for successful implementation of these programs, control, monitoring and follow-up training is recommended.  

---

Background: Identifying the health problems of governmental organizations staff, their health needs, and prioritizing these needs are the first step in intervention planning in order to improve their health. This study was conducted to identify health problems and health-related needs of Mellat Bank employees in Yazd, Iran.
Methods and Materials: For this cross sectional study, 179 eligible employees were selected from 34 branches of Mellat Bank in Yazd province. The data collection tool was a questionnaire containing an open question as "What problems affect your health in your workplace". The questionnaire was sent to all employees of the Mellat Bank through official automation system, to which 167 people ultimately responded. Then the problems were combined, listed, and sorted based on their frequency.
Results: In this study, from a total of 167 employees (92%) responded to the questionnaire, of which 152 (91%) cases were man and 15 (9%) cases were woman. Most of the studied subjects had a bachelor's degree of education. A total of 86 (51.4%) subjects suffered from musculoskeletal problems, among which low back pain (n = 61, 71%), neck pain (n = 39, 45%), and knee pain (n = 26, 30%) were the most frequent. In addition, about 47 (28.1%) and 32 (19.1%) cases suffered from stress and psychological disorders, respectively.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the most important identified health problem was musculoskeletal pains. Therefore, in addition to further research to be carried out in order to confirm these results, it is suggested that the causes of these problems be investigated in analytical research in order to be able to design and implement appropriate interventions to address these problems.

---

The reason or cause of doing something, in most cases, differs in Persian and Russian Language. These differences will be revealed when the reason is explained using prepositions. In Russian, the prepositions, in addition to position and purpose, have causal features that are very important when talking in Russian and translating from Persian into Russian. Further Iranian language learners become superficially familiar with them when learning the language but they (language learners) are not taught enough as they ought to be. In Russian language, a definitive preposition is used for expressing a special reason in a way that the other preposition can not be replaced with it. The meaning of nouns and verbs, which are used with causal prepositions and also the reason of creating that, are really important in finding the causal preposition and that's why Iranian language learners have trouble in expressing the reason. This article examines Iranian language learners' problems and tries to prove it based on evidence.

---

The significant reduction of bollworm infestation by the implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Bt Cotton as a component of IPM led to reduction in bollworm infestation and increase in yield. However, these alterations have brought in many new biotic problems hitherto unknown or of little economic importance. Field survey of rainfed Bt cotton fields in Perambalur district of Tamil Nadu, India during 2008-2014 revealed that the incidence of various insect pests and plant diseases is on the rise in different Bt cotton hybrids. In 2008-2009, it was observed that the Bt cotton was damaged by cotton mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley), green mirid bug (Creontiades biseratance Distant) and root rot (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) which caused severe yield losses. In addition to that, other pests like papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink) and Alternaria leaf spot caused more damage in Bt cotton during 2009-10. Besides these pests, the mirid bug (Campyloma livida Reuter), stripped mealybug (Ferrissia virgata Ckll), tobacco streak virus, grey mildew Ramularia areola and boll rot incidence in Bt cotton were noticed in 2010-12. Apart from this pest and disease problems, the Alterrnaria leaf blight, root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina Maubl) and Myrothecium leaf spot caused severe yield losses in Bt cotton during 2012-2014. The survey revealed that, the pests and disease problems are increasing year by year in Bt cotton which caused yield reduction and also increased the cost of cultivation. If left unchecked these pests and disease problems are capable of undoing all benefits gained due to Bt cotton in terms of increased yield and reduction in use of chemical pesticides.

---

poor sitting posture and prolonged sitting have, therefore, significant health and socio-economic effects^[. People spend on average more than half of their day sitting down. The ill-effects of poor sitting posture and prolonged sitting on physical and mental health have been extensively studied, and solutions for curbing this sedentary epidemic have received special attention in recent years

---

---

This paper focuses on the economic, social, and psychological impactcs of retirement on the faculty members of Tehran university. This is an important issue. On one hand, the population of retired people in many sociteies is getting larger, and larger. On the other hand, the employed people feel a kind of jop insecurity, If these people do not have an acceptable social, economic and psycological situation the people who are working now, also would not work with assurance and their productivity would be decreased. This paper is based on a survey method. The results of this survey show that the fuculty members of Tehran University besides having economic and social problems, have psychological problems such as stress, uncertainty, absurdity and uselessness. Finally this paper is supporting the idea of “step by step retirement” instead of “complete retirement”.

---

---

The main purpose of the present study was to examine reading problems of senior high school graduates of Tehran based on ‘AMZA’ test data regarding the variables of gender and major. AMZA’ test is known as the first test for assessing the language and literary skills of senior high school graduates which was held by Academy of Persian Language and Literature in academic year of 2013-14. For the purpose of this study, the AMZA data for a sample size of 377 students (197 females and 180 males) in three disciplines of humanities, sciences and mathematics (106, 90 and 181participants, respectively) was analyzed. At first, the test items were categorized with respect to the type of text and micro-skills involved. Then, using the descriptive and inferential statistics the data was analyzed with regard to the participants’ gender and major, which yielded in the overall weakness of the participants in reading skill. The results of data analysis showed that the mean score of participants’ reading skills was 10.25 out of 20, which in comparison to the standard band score of ministry of education (12) is indicative of the participants’ inability in acquiring the least amount of education. There was no significant difference between the participants’ overall mean scores and their scores in micro-skills of reading regarding their gender, though according to the descriptive statistics, the overall mean score of females was higher than males. Similarly, there was no significant difference between the participants’ overallmean scores with respect to their major. However, among the mean scores of reading micro-skills, there was a significant difference between the students of Humanities and Sciences in the area of "direct comprehension of the text", which shows a better performance of the former group. Moreover, there was a significant difference among participants’ overall results in the four types of text used in the test questions, so that their mean score in answering the questions of linguistic texts was higher than those of the old literary text. However, no such significant difference was found with regard to the participants’ major. The results of the present study showthat strategies like reforming the curriculum of the senior high school, choosing an appropriate educational program, changing the teachers’ teaching methods, and holding systematic and standard assessment courses for the reading skill, can prove helpful in enhancing the students’ reading skills .
 
Keywords: AMZA Test, Reading skill, Reading problems, Senior high school graduates
 

---

This paper aims at identifying the factors that have influenced changes in the level of industrial CO2 in Iran. Environmental Problems, especially “climate change” due to significant increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases, have been on the agenda since 1980s. Among the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important. By means of an algebraic decomposition method the observed changes are analyzed into five different factors: output level, energy intensity, fuel mix, structural change and residual. The results show that output and energy intensity had the most effect on increasing CO2 emissions. And CO2 emissions are possible to decrease without decreasing output if structure and efficiency energy and Fuel mix get improved.

---

Second language (L2) education researchers have recently been concerned about students' willingness to communicate (WTC) since communication competence is considered an ultimate goal of L2 education. This study examines Vietnamese teachers' perceptions of L2 WTC and their strategies to encourage students to communicate inside the classroom. Data were collected from interviews with 30 Vietnamese EFL university teachers. Results showed that all the teachers believed students' L2 WTC inside the classroom influenced the development of second language acquisition (SLA) and perceived their role in encouraging WTC. Also, the teachers revealed that they used a wide range of strategies to encourage students to communicate. The findings suggest that L2 teachers use a wide range of strategies to promote students’ WTC inside the classroom. It might be necessary for Vietnamese EFL teachers to update strategies to encourage WTC inside the classroom.
 

---

Family is the initial cell and corner stone of a society that forms the base of characterization of the child. Health of society depends on health of family. Family with positive outputs renders mental and sentimental problem, socialize proportional children with the values and manners approved by society and arrange sexual behaviors. Present paper aims to identify important factors effecting family break-up and their impacts on family. For this purpose, out of 150 divorce applicants (30% male70% female), 107 samples were selected randomly and were studied by interview techniques based on, questionnaires. In this research tow hypotheses "economic difficulties are the laying ground for the family break – up" and "Absence of intimate space and sexual satisfaction are the factors of family brake – up as well as one question “Is annoyance the basis for family problems? Were studied. The results showed that 63.6% of the society confirmed the economic problems in divorce whereas 24.3 of men of families seeking divorce were unemployed. Of course, the proportion of unemployed men is 2/6% in Iranian families. And the rate of employment in divorce families is 36.8% among the employment of all married women in Iran (12%). The difference between the indices of sample group with that of statistical society was at the level of P= 5% were significant. 93% of women and men were annoyed from each other.

---

A consistent implicit Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH) method based on projection approach is proposed for solving violent free surface flow problems. In this way, two consistent discretization schemes are employed for first and second spatial derivatives. In this study, it is shown that in explicit ISPH solvers, the field variables and the positions of particles in the process of numerical differentiation are estimated at two different time steps. So, the incompressibility is not completely satisfied. In the present approach, an iteration loop is implemented, in each time-step. Thus, at the end of each time-step both velocity and the positions used in divergence estimation are at the new time-level. The proposed ISPH method is validated in free surface flow problems involving 2-D dam break benchmarks in which both wet and dry beds are considered. Among the advantages of the present implicit method is being more accurate and stable than the explicit one, despite use of lower number of particles and greater time-step sizes. Also, it provides significant improvement in free surface simulations and pressure distribution results.

---

The existence of crack and notch is a significant and critical subject in the analysis and design of solids and structures. As most of damage problems do not have closed-form solutions, numerical methods are current approaches dealing with fracture mechanics problems. This study presents a novel application of the decoupled equations method (DEM) to model crack issues. Based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), the J-integral is computed using the DEM. In this method, only the boundaries of problems are discretized using specific higher-order sub-parametric elements and higher-order Chebyshev mapping functions. Implementing the weighted residual method and using Clenshaw-Curtis numerical integration result in diagonal Euler’s differential equations. Consequently, when the local coordinates origin (LCO) is located at the crack tip, the geometry of crack problems are directly implemented without further processing. In order to present infinite stress at the crack tip, a new form of nodal force function is proposed. Validity and accuracy of this method is fully demonstrated through two benchmark problems. The numerical results agree very well with the results from existing experimental results and numerical methods available in literature.

---

One of the interesting and practical problems in thermo-fluid sciences is referred to finding the shape of a boundary on which a specific distribution of pressure, temperature or heat flux is known. Because solving such problems using experimental, semi-experimental and analytical methods is time-consuming or even impossible in some practical situations, myriad numerical methods have been introduced to solve surface shape design (SSD) problems. In all the numerical algorithms, an initial guess is modified through a numerical process until the desirable distribution of the target variable is achieved. All the numerical algorithms use three computational tools, i.e. grid generator, flow solver and shape updater to solve an SSD problem. In most of numerical algorithms, not only the three mentioned tools work separately but the shape updater is also not derived from the governing equations. In this article, to solve SSD problems containing convection heat transfer, a new shape design algorithm called direct design method is presented in which grid generator, flow solver and shape updater work simultaneously and also the shape updater is directly derived from the governing equations. Some SSD problems containing convection heat transfer in which instead of the boundary shape the distribution of the heat flux is known are solved using the proposed algorithm. The obtained results show the capability of the method in solving SSD problems containing internal convection heat transfer.

---

Fuzzy linear programming problems are models in which all parameters as well as the variables are represented by fuzzy numbers and are known as FFLP problems. In this paper the shortcomings of the existing methods are pointed out and to overcome these shortcomings, a new method is proposed for finding the fuzzy optimal solution of FFLP problems. To illustrate the proposed method, numerical examples are solved and the obtained results are discussed. Results show that the proposed method is capable of finding the optimal solution in all areas existing methods have shortcomings and its main advantage is simplicity in computations.

---

The elastostatic problems are a significant subject in the analysis and design of solids and structures. As most of the complicated elastostatic problems do not have closed-form solutions, numerical methods such as finite element method (FEM), boundary element method (BEM), discrete element method (DEM), meshless methods, scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM), and hybrid methods are the current approaches dealing with these types of engineering problems. This study presents a novel application of the decoupled equations method (DEM) to assessment elastostatic issues. In the present method, the so-called local coordinate's origin (LCO) is selected at a point, from which the entire domain boundary may be observed. For the bounded domains, the LCO may be chosen on the boundary or inside the domain. Furthermore, only the boundaries which are visible from the LCO need to be discretized, while other remaining boundaries passing through the LCO are not required to be discretized. In this method, only the boundaries of problems are discretized using specific higher-order sub-parametric elements and higher-order Chebyshev mapping functions. Implementing the weighted residual method and using Clenshaw-Curtis quadrature result in diagonal Euler’s differential equations. So, the coefficient matrices are diagonal, which provide a system of single Euler’s differential equations for the ith degree of freedom (DOF). If n indicates the number of DOFs of the problem assumed to be analyzed by the proposed method, only n Euler’s differential equations (with only one unknown differential equation for each DOF) should be solved. In the proposed method, the LCO is the same for all nodes, for which the LCO has the same displacement components. Therefore, the physical concept of this fact may be considered as some semi-parallel springs adjoining to each other at the LCO. Therefore, the proposed procedure is called “redistribution” of the stresses in the present method. At the final step, using the calculated displacement field along ξ, the displacement at any point of the problem’s domain is interpolated by using the proposed special shape functions. Although the governing equation of each DOF is decoupled from those of other DOFs, however the “redistribution” of the stresses at the LCO and resolving the problem for each DOF, represents the connection between all DOFs of the domain. In the solution procedure, the order of displacement function u(ξ) depends on nodal force function F^b (ξ). To analysis of elastostatic problems in the classical Decoupled Equations Method, F^b (ξ) varies in the undertaken domain like a body force. Therefore, F^b (ξ) is defined as a linear function. In this study by proposing new forms of force function, the response of elastostatic problems is assessed. In the following Sensitivity of this method via proposed nodal force functions is fully demonstrated through two benchmark problems. The results show that stress and displacement fields totally depend on the form of force function. Also, the results show to get optimum results, proposing an appropriate nodal force function corresponding to physical concept is necessary. For example in the cantilever beam which is subjected to a shear force at its free end, by considering the linear form for nodal force function results in minimum error. In the other hands, in the Kirsch’s problem with a central small circular hole, considering the nonlinear form for nodal force function leads to minimum error.

---

In this paper, the diffusion coefficient in a normal tissue and tumor are to be estimated by the method of inverse problems. At the beginning, distribution of drug (with the assumption of uniform and isentropic diffusion coefficient) in the tissue is considered as the direct problem. In the direct problem, the governing equation is the convection–diffusion, which is the generalized form of fick’s law. Here, a source and a sink are defined; the source as the rate of solute transport per unit volume from blood vessels into the interstitial space and the sink as the rate of solute transport per unit volume from the interstitial space into lymph vessels are added to this equation. To solve the direct problem, the finite difference method has been considered. Additionally, the diffusion coefficient of a normal tissue and tumor will be approximated by parameter estimation method of Levenberg-Marquardt. This method is based on minimizing the sum of squared errors which in the present study, considered error is the difference of the estimated concentration and the concentration measured by medical images (simulated numerically). Finally, the results obtained by Levenberg-Marquardt method have provided an acceptable estimation of diffusion coefficient in normal tissue and tumor.

---

It is clear that, having a exact knowledge about the geometry and properties of the materials and the domain that engineering problems are involved are very important specially in structural health monitoring, geotechnical earthquake engineering and other related field in civil engineering; in many cases, it might be useful if a suitable inverse solution is applied in order to detect the characteristics of the problems domain.
The main purpose of this paper is to development of the hybrid finite element- finite difference method for solving inverse elastodynamic and elastostatic scattering problems and combining that with particle swarm optimization algorithm as a quantitative approach fo solving these types of the problems. This hybrid method has been used in order to preparing the forward solution of the problems and by defining a suitable cost function and minimizing that using PSO algorithm, various kind of inverse problems are solved.
In general, an inverse scattering problem can be solved using qualitative or quantitative approaches. In some branches of quantitative techniques, usually, a forward solution is required and then using heuristic algorithm, the goal will be achieved. In this study, a hybrid FE-FD method is used as forward solver (which has the flexibility of finite element method and low computational cost of finite difference method); so, the domain inside and outside of the inclusion will be dicretized using finite difference method and the boundaries near the inclusion will be discretized by finite element method, and in this condition, the solution will be more flexible near the scatterer. In each solution step, first the finite element will be solved and the results will be transferred to the finite difference code and when the result is prepared in it, again, the response of the problem will go to finite element region.
In this research, at first, a geometry and related location will be assumes, randomly and then regarding that, using an OpenSees program code, the boundaries of the inclusion will be discretized and using the MATLAB program the related to finite difference region is discretized, then the results from these two codes will go and back until the response goes converge. Then, the PSO code which is developed in MATLAB will qualify the results and evaluate the cost function (e.g., the cost function is defined by minimizing the the error between the displacement that is from the main model and the predicted model), and if the cost function is large, the PSO algorithm will propose the new location and/or geometry of the inclusion and again, the loop will be repeated until the cost function be near the zero and the solution procedure will be terminated.
In order to evaluate, the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approach, several problems are solved, where this algorithm could find the location and geometry of the inclusions (e.g., regular and irregular inclusion), the non-homogeneity of the inclusion and also detecting the soil layers by both static and dynamic loading.; the results show a very good accuracy as well as efficiency of the proposed approach for solving inverse problems in bounded and smi-infinite domains.

---

Partial differential equations are needed in most of the engineering fields. Analytical solutions to these equations cannot be derived except in some very special cases, making numerical methods more important. Alongside advances in science and technology, new methods have been proposed for solution of partial differential equations, such as meshless methods. Recently, the generalized exponential basis function (GEBF) meshless method has been introduced. In this method the unknown function is approximated as a linear combination of exponential basis functions. In linear problems, the unknown coefficients are calculated such that the homogenous form of main differential equation is satisfied in all points of the grid. In order to solve nonlinear equations, Newton-Kantorovich scheme is first used to linearize them. The linearized equations are then solved iteratively to obtain the result. In this paper, time dependent problems in solid mechanics have been investigated. In order to examine performance of the proposed method, linear and non-linear problems in solid mechanics are considered and the results are compared with analytical solutions. The results show good accuracy (less than 1 percentage error) of the presented method.